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Further correcting pressure effects on SBE911 CTD-conductivity data from hadal depths

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Abstract

Hadal, > 6000 m deep shipborne Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911plus Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) data are obtained using two different systems in the vicinity of the Earth’s deepest point, in the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench 14 years apart. Below 7000 m in very weakly density stratified waters, the salinity data from both sets show an artificial increase with depth of about 10–6 g kg−1 m−1 that is not covered by the SBE linear pressure correction to the conductivity data. With the aid of independent water sample data, salinity is corrected and an additional algorithm for the pressure correction on conductivity data is formulated. The corrected salinity data still weakly increase with depth, together with a decrease in temperature, which may point at an influx of dense modified Antarctic bottom water. The corrected density variations with depth are used in calculations of deep turbulence values.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the masters and crews of the R/V Hakuho Maru and R/V Sonne for the pleasant cooperation during the operations at sea. We acknowledge Dr. K. Taira who planned the CTD observations in the Mariana Trench during the Hakuho Maru Cruise in 2002.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, the Netherlands

    Hans van Haren

  2. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Research Institute for Global Change, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan

    Hiroshi Uchida

  3. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan

    Daigo Yanagimoto

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  1. Hans van Haren
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  2. Hiroshi Uchida
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  3. Daigo Yanagimoto
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hans van Haren.

Appendix

Appendix

Additional pressure correction to Sea-Bird SBE911 conductivity data at hadal depths.

Cc(p) = Co(p) −a0−a1p1−a2p2−a3p3−a4p4−a5p5−a6p6−a7p7−a8p8−a9p9 [S m−1], (A1).

with best-fit coefficients,

a0 = −1.0940527 × 10–03.

a1 =  + 2.0797759 × 10–06.

a2 = −1.9887985 × 10–09.

a3 =  + 1.0474409 × 10–12.

a4 = −3.2735743 × 10–16.

a5 =  + 6.3408610 × 10–20.

a6 =−7.7038164 × 10–24.

a7 =  + 5.7145710 × 10–28.

a8 = −2.3640827 × 10–32.

a9 =  + 4.1779238 × 10–37.

Here, Cc is the corrected conductivity and Co the original data from (2). Formula (A1) is applicable for all pressures, but yields noticeable corrections for great depths only.

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van Haren, H., Uchida, H. & Yanagimoto, D. Further correcting pressure effects on SBE911 CTD-conductivity data from hadal depths. J Oceanogr 77, 137–144 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00565-3

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