Skip to main content
Log in

Residual Stress Characterization by X-Ray Diffraction and Correlation with Hardness in a Class D Railroad Wheel

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article focused on the microstructure characterization and residual stress measurements of the flange from classes D and C railway wheels (called 7D and 7C steel, respectively) to contribute with the residual stress level on new forged wheels flange area. A correlation with the hardness was conducted. The residual stress was measured in three points of the flange using the x-ray diffraction technique, and the microstructure characterization on SEM microscopy. We found the 7C steel has fine pearlite and ferrite microstructures, and 7D steel has degenerated pearlite and bainite microstructures. In the 7D steel, the compressive residual stress in the flange region was higher than in the 7C steel, which is related to the presence of bainite on the microstructure. There was a correlation between the hardness and residual stress value. The knowledge of the residual compression stress level is important for safety train wheels operation. The traction stress generated by the brake system on the wheel is attenuated by residual compression stress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

References

  1. M. Faccoli, A. Ghidini, C. Petrogalli, M. Faccoli, M. Lancini, and A. Mazzù, Effect of Desert Sand on Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue Behavior of Various Railway Wheel Steels, Wear, Elsevier B.V., 2017, 396-397 (2017), p 146–161.

  2. S.R. Lewis, R. Lewis, G. Evans, and L.E. Buckley-Johnstone, Assessment of Railway Curve Lubricant Performance Using a Twin-Disc Tester, Wear, 2014, 314(1–2), p 205–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Clarke, Wheel Rolling Contact Fatigue and Rim Defects Investigation to Further Knowledge of the Causes of RCF and to Determine Control Measures, Rail Saf. Stand. Board, 2008, p 1–20.

  4. D.J. Minicucci, S.T. Fonseca, R.L.V. Boas, H. Goldenstein, and P.R. Mei, Development of Niobium Microalloyed Steel for Railway Wheel with Pearlitic Bainitic Microstructure, Mater. Res., 2019, 22(6), p 8.

  5. S.T. Fonseca, A. Sinatora, A.J. Ramirez, D.J. Minicucci, C.R. Afonso, and P.R. Mei, Effects of Vanadium on the Continuous Cooling Transformation of 0.7%C Steel for Railway Wheels, Defect Diffus. Forum, 2016, 367, p 60–67.

  6. D. José Minicuci, A.A. Santos, M.H. Andrino, and F.C. Santos, Stress Evaluation of Railroad Forged Wheels by Ultrasonic Testing, J. Test. Eval., 2007, 35(1), p 17.

  7. D.H. Stone and S.M. Cummings, Effect of Residual Stress, Temperature and Adhesion on Wheel Surface Fatigue Cracking, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Rail Transportation Division (Publication) RTD, 2009, p 157–165.

  8. H. Ishida, T. Miyamoto, E. Maebashi, H. Doi, K. Iida, and A. Furukawa, Safety Assessment for Flange Climb Derailment of Trains Running at Low Speeds on Sharp Curves, Q. Rep. RTRI, 2006, 47(2), p 65–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Takahashi, T. Kato, H. Suzuki, and T. Sasaki, Residual Stress Evaluation of Railway Wheels by X-ray Diffraction and Finite Element Method, Adv. Mater. Res., 2010, 89–91, p 545–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Moussaoui, S. Segonds, W. Rubio, and M. Mousseigne, Studying the Measurement by X-ray Diffraction of Residual Stresses in Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 667, p 340–348.

  11. M.E. Fitzpatrick, a T. Fry, P. Holdway, F. a Kandil, J. Shackleton, and L. Suominen, Determination of Residual Stresses by x-Ray Diffraction-Issue 2, Meas. Good Pract. Guid., 2005, 52(2), p 1–68.

  12. R.B. Ceglias, J.M. Alves, N. Robbers, D. Cajueiro, S.B. Diniz, and L.P. Brandao, Residual Stress Evaluation by x-Ray Diffraction and Hole-Drilling in an API, 5L X70 Steel Pipe Bent by Hot Induction s i N, Mater. Res., 2016, 19(5), p 1176–1179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. “Association of American Railroad” AAR M-107, Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices, Section G, 2011, p 180.

  14. P.B. Molyneux-Berry, A.J. Bevan, S.Y. Zhang, and S. Kabra, Residual Stress in Wheels: Comparison of Neutron Diffraction and Ultrasonic Methods with Trends in RCF, Civil-Comput. Proc., 2014, 104, p 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  15. A.B. Rezende, F.M. Fernandes, S.T. Fonseca, P.F.S. Farina, H.Goldenstein, and P.R. Mei, Effect of Alloy Elements in Time Temperature Transformation Diagrams of Railway Wheels, Defect Diffus. Forum, (Athens), 2020, 400, p 11–20.

  16. P.S. Prevéy, X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Techniques, Met. Handbook. 10. Met. Park, 1986, (513), p 380–392.

  17. F. Yang, J.Q. Jiang, Y. Wang, C. Ma, F. Fang, K.L. Zhao, and W. Li, Residual Stress in Pearlitic Steel Rods during Progressively Cold Drawing Measured by X-ray Diffraction, Mater. Lett., 2008, 62(15), p 2219–2221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. O. Anderoglu, Residual Stress Measurement Using X-ray Diffraction, M.S. thesis in Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University, 2004.

  19. R.H.F. Melo, M.A. Dos Santos, and T.M. Maciel, Avaliação Do Campo de Tensões Residuais Por Difração de Raios-X Utilizando o Método Do Sen2ψ Em Revestimentos Metálicos Do Aço Inoxidável S308-l. (Evaluation of the Residual Stresses Field by X-ray Diffraction Using the Sen2ψ Method in S308-L Stainless, Soldag. e Inspeção, 2013, 18(1), p 50-56 (portuguese).

  20. F.G. Caballero, M.J. Santofimia, C. García-Mateo, and C.G. de Andrés, Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram within the Bainitic Temperature Range in a Medium Carbon Steel, Mater. Trans., 2004, 45(12), p 3272–3281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Taniyama, T. Takayama, M. Arai, and T. Hamada, Structure Analysis of Ferrite in Deformed Pearlitic Steel by Means of X-ray Diffraction Method with Synchrotron Radiation, Scr. Mater., 2004, 51, p 53–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Ekberg, B. Åkesson, and E. Kabo, Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact Fatigue - Probe, Predict, Prevent, Wear, Elsevier, 2014, 314(1–2), p 2–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Q. Li, X. Huang, and W. Huang, Fatigue Property and Microstructure Deformation Behavior of Multiphase Microstructure in a Medium-Carbon Bainite Steel under Rolling Contact Condition, Int. J. Fatigue, Elsevier, 2019, 125(24), p 381–393.

  24. F. Brunel, J.F. Brunel, P. Dufrénoy, and F. Demilly, Prediction of the Initial Residual Stresses in Railway Wheels Induced by Manufacturing, J. Therm. Stress., 2013, 36(1), p 37–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Fadel and D. Gliˇ, Influence of Cr, Mn and Mo Addition on Structure and Properties of V Microalloyed Medium Carbon Steels, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2012, 28(11), p 1053–1058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. D. Gallina, Finite Element Prediction of Crack Formation Induced by Quenching in a Forged Valve, Eng. Fail. Anal., 2011, 18(8), p 2250–2259.

  27. C. Goulas, A. Kumar, M.-G. Mecozzi, F.M. Castro-Cerda, M. Herbig, R.H. Petrov, and J. Sietsma, Atomic-Scale Investigations of Isothermally Formed Bainite Microstructures in 51CrV4 Spring Steel, Mater. Charact., 2019, 152, p 67–75.

  28. S. Chang, Y.S. Pyun, and A. Amanov, Wear Enhancement of Wheel-Rail Interaction by Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification Technique, Materials (Basel)., 2017, 10(2), p 12.

  29. B.C. Goo and J.W. Seo, Finite Element Analysis of the Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of Railcar Wheels, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2008, 575–578, p 1461–1466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. É.F. Santos, D.J. Minicucci, R.S. Barbosa, and L. Padovese, Inspection of Forged Railway Wheels by a Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Non-Destructive Testing Method to Evaluate Residual Stresses of Manufacturing, Chengdu, International Wheelset Congress, 2016, p 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Frankel, A. Abbate, and W. Scholz, The Effect of Residual Stresses on Hardness Measurements, Exp. Mech., 1993, 33(2), p 164–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. O. Takakuwa, Y. Kawaragi, and H. Soyama, Estimation of the Yield Stress of Stainless Steel from the Vickers Hardness Taking Account of the Residual Stress, J. Surf. Eng. Mater. Adv. Technol., 2013, 03(04), p 262–268. https://doi.org/10.4236/jsemat.2013.34035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Bocciarelli and G. Maier, Indentation and Imprint Mapping Method for Identification of Residual Stresses, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2007, 39, p 381–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Gordon and B. Perlman, Estimation of Residual Stresses in Railroad Commuter Car Wheels Following Manufacture, International Mechanical Engineering Congress, (Anaheim), 2003, p 91.

  35. D.J. Minicucci, Avaliação de Tensões Por Ultra-Som No Aro de Rodas Ferroviárias Forjadas Novas–Classe C. (Stress Evaluation by Ultrasound in Rim of the New-Class C Forged Railway Wheels), M.S. thesis, University of Campinas, p. 199, 2003.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank research supported by LNNano-Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, CNPEM/MCTIC-Metals Characterization and Processing Laboratory and, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPQ).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. B. Rezende.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rezende, A.B., Fonseca, S.T., Minicucci, D.J. et al. Residual Stress Characterization by X-Ray Diffraction and Correlation with Hardness in a Class D Railroad Wheel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 6223–6227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05097-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05097-x

Keywords

Navigation