Abstract
Microalgae are feedstocks for production of carbon-neutral biofuels. Efforts have been performed to market microalgae biofuels, yet the production of microalgae biofuel remains a challenge due to the high production cost and low product yield. In particular, lipid extraction is a critical step to be optimized. Here, we review lipid extraction technologies and cell lysis strategies. Extraction techniques involve solvents such as organic solvents, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and switchable solvents. Advantages and shortcomings of solvents are discussed. Besides, strategies have been designed to reduce power costs by integration of unit operations in downstream processing. We present single-step processes for simultaneous cell lysis and lipid extraction, such as ultrasound-, microwave-, bead-beating-, surfactant- and pulsed electric field-assisted extractions. The lipid extraction yield is enhanced by incorporating cell disruption into the lipid extraction process.
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Abbreviations
- ASE:
-
Accelerated solvent extraction
- DBU:
-
1,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene
- DES:
-
Deep eutectic solvents
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IL:
-
Ionic liquids
- FAMEs:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- NADES:
-
Natural deep eutectic solvents
- PEF:
-
Pulsed electric field
- SC-CO2 :
-
Supercritical carbon dioxide
- SFE:
-
Supercritical fluid extraction
- SPS:
-
Switchable polarity solvents
- SHS:
-
Switchable hydrophilicity solvents
- [Amim]+ :
-
1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium cation
- [BF4]− :
-
Tetrafluoroborate anion
- [CH3SO3]− :
-
Methanesulfonate anion
- [C2mim]+ :
-
1-Ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation
- [C4mim]+ :
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation
- [CF3SO3]− :
-
Trifluoromethanesulfonate anion
- [DEP]− :
-
Diethylphosphate anion
- [EtSO4]− :
-
Ethyl sulfate anion
- [HSO4]− :
-
Hydrogen sulfate anion
- [MeSO4]− :
-
Methyl sulfate anion
- [OAc]− :
-
Acetate anion
- [PF6]− :
-
Hexafluorophosphate anion
- [SCN]− :
-
Thiocyanate anion
- [Tf2N]− :
-
Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) research grant (Grant No. IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2019-C1/L05).
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Lee, S.Y., Khoiroh, I., Vo, DV.N. et al. Techniques of lipid extraction from microalgae for biofuel production: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 231–251 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01088-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01088-5