Abstract
A hydrophobic steel surface was created by a simple electro-etching technique using a cobalt sulfate bath. The effect of surface pre-treatment on the hydrophobicity and surface roughness was investigated. The wettability and roughness of the surface were determined by water contact angle (WCA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Accordingly, the sample abraded with 800 grit sandpaper followed by electro-etching process was selected as the optimum sample with the highest roughness and WCA (Sa = 28.4 nm, Ra = 35.4 nm, and WCA = 144 ± 1.6°, respectively). The morphology and cross-sectional images of the hydrophobic surface were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). FESEM images showed a micro/nanostructured surface. The resulted hydrophobicity was attributed to the high roughness and overhanging structure obtained through this method. Furthermore, by using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests, the corrosion behavior of the samples was investigated. It was revealed that the surface hydrophobicity improved the corrosion resistance by increasing the polarization resistance (from 726 to 1598 Ω cm2) and decreasing the corrosion current density (from 0.025 to 0.012 mA cm−2). The simplicity of creating a hydrophobic surface with the improved corrosion behavior, the availability, and the low cost of the materials used to develop this approach makes it a proper candidate for large-scale and industrial applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Farhadi, M. Aliofkhazraei, G.B. Darband, A. Abolhasani, and A.S. Rouhaghdam, Wettability and Corrosion Behavior of Chemically Modified Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Nanocomposite Coating, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(10), p 4797–4806
J. Yong, F. Chen, Q. Yang, J. Huo, and X. Hou, Superoleophobic Surfaces, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46(14), p 4168–4217
P. Ragesh, V.A. Ganesh, S.V. Nair, and A.S. Nair, A Review on ‘Self-cleaning and Multifunctional Materials’, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2(36), p 14773–14797
J. Genzer and K. Efimenko, Recent Developments in Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Their Relevance to Marine Fouling: A Review, Biofouling, 2006, 22(5), p 339–360
X. Gao, X. Yan, X. Yao, L. Xu, K. Zhang, J. Zhang, B. Yang, and L. Jiang, The Dry-Style Antifogging Properties of Mosquito Compound Eyes and Artificial Analogues Prepared by Soft Lithography, Adv. Mater., 2007, 19(17), p 2213–2217
M.J. Kreder, J. Alvarenga, P. Kim, and J. Aizenberg, Design of Anti-icing Surfaces: Smooth, Textured or Slippery?, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1(1), p 1–15
S.M. Emarati and M. Mozammel, Efficient One-Step Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Nano-TiO2/TMPSi Ceramic Composite Coating with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance on 316L, Ceram. Int., 2019, 46(2), p 1652–1661
G.-H. Kim, B.-H. Lee, H. Im, S.-B. Jeon, D. Kim, M.-L. Seol, H. Hwang, and Y.-K. Choi, Controlled Anisotropic Wetting of Scalloped Silicon Nanogroove, RSC Adv., 2016, 6(48), p 41914–41918
A. Vitale, M. Quaglio, S.L. Marasso, A. Chiodoni, M. Cocuzza, and R. Bongiovanni, Direct Photolithography of Perfluoropolyethers for Solvent-Resistant Microfluidics, Langmuir, 2013, 29(50), p 15711–15718
J. Yong, Y. Fang, F. Chen, J. Huo, Q. Yang, H. Bian, G. Du, and X. Hou, Femtosecond Laser Ablated Durable Superhydrophobic PTFE Films with Micro-through-Holes for Oil/Water Separation: Separating Oil from Water and Corrosive Solutions, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2016, 389, p 1148–1155
D. Zahner, J. Abagat, F. Svec, J.M. Fréchet, and P.A. Levkin, A Facile Approach to Superhydrophilic–Superhydrophobic Patterns in Porous Polymer Films, Adv. Mater., 2011, 23(27), p 3030–3034
M. Zhang, S. Feng, L. Wang, and Y. Zheng, Lotus Effect in Wetting and Self-cleaning, Biotribology, 2016, 5, p 31–43
M. Mozammel, M. Khajeh, and N.N. Ilkhechi, Effect of Surface Roughness of 316 L Stainless Steel Substrate on the Morphological and Super-Hydrophobic Property of TiO2 Thin Films Coatings, Silicon, 2018, 10(6), p 2603–2607
X.-M. Li, D. Reinhoudt, and M. Crego-Calama, What do We Need for a Superhydrophobic Surface? A Review on the Recent Progress in the Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2007, 36(8), p 1350–1368
V. Stelmashuk, H. Biederman, D. Slavinska, J. Zemek, and M. Trchova, Plasma Polymer Films Rf Sputtered from PTFE Under Various Argon Pressures, Vacuum, 2005, 77(2), p 131–137
F. Guo, X. Su, G. Hou, P. Li, Bioinspired Fabrication of Stable and Robust Superhydrophobic Steel Surface with Hierarchical Flowerlike Structure, Colloids Surf. A, 2012, 401, p 61-67
D. Nanda, T. Swetha, P. Varshney, P. Gupta, S.S. Mohapatra, and A. Kumar, Temperature Dependent Switchable Superamphiphobic Coating on Steel Alloy Surface, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 727, p 1293–1301
T. Siagian, I. Siregar, H. Lubis, T. Tinggi, U. Hamzah, H. Process, Characteristics of St. 37 Steel Materials with Temperature and Time on Heat Treatment Test using Furnace, Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol.(IJISRT), 2018, 3(4), p 49-53
K. Liu and L. Jiang, Metallic Surfaces with Special Wettability, Nanoscale, 2011, 3(3), p 825–838
Z. Yuan, H. Chen, J. Tang, H. Gong, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, P. Shi, J. Zhang, and X. Chen, A Novel Preparation of Polystyrene Film with a Superhydrophobic Surface Using a Template Method, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2007, 40(11), p 3485–3489
W.T. Choi, K. Oh, P.M. Singh, V. Breedveld, and D.W. Hess, Hydrophobicity and Improved Localized Corrosion Resistance of Grain Boundary Etched Stainless Steel in Chloride-Containing Environment, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 164(2), p C61–C65
M. Ma, Y. Mao, M. Gupta, K.K. Gleason, and G.C. Rutledge, Superhydrophobic Fabrics Produced by Electrospinning and Chemical Vapor Deposition, Macromolecules, 2005, 38(23), p 9742–9748
T. Darmanin, E.T. de Givenchy, S. Amigoni, and F. Guittard, Superhydrophobic Surfaces by Electrochemical Processes, Adv. Mater., 2013, 25(10), p 1378–1394
D.E. Weibel, A.F. Michels, A.F. Feil, L.v. Amaral, S.R. Teixeira, F. Horowitz, Adjustable Hydrophobicity of Al Substrates by Chemical Surface Functionalization of Nano/Microstructures, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114(31), p 13219-13225
N. Shirtcliffe, G. McHale, M. Newton, and C. Perry, Wetting and Wetting Transitions on Copper-Based Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces, Langmuir, 2005, 21(3), p 937–943
J. Cremaldi and B. Bhushan, Fabrication of Bioinspired, Self-cleaning Superliquiphilic/Phobic Stainless Steel Using Different Pathways, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2018, 518, p 284–297
M. Yazdani, M.R. Toroghinejad, and S.M. Hashemi, Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of St37 Steel-Ck60 Steel Joints by Explosive Cladding, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24(10), p 4032–4043
M. Salehi, M. Mozammel, S.M. Emarati, M. Alinezhadfar, The role of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Topography and Hydrophobicity of Electrodeposited Ni-TiO2 Composite Coating, Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop. 2020, 8(2), 025008
L. Ju, H. Xiao, L. Ye, A. Hu, and M. Li, Wettability Evolution of Different Nanostructured Cobalt Films Based on Electrodeposition, Micro Nano Lett., 2017, 12(7), p 470–473
T. Rasitha, S. Vanithakumari, R. George, and J. Philip, Porous Microcapsule-Based Regenerating Superhydrophobic Coating on 304L SS and its Corrosion Properties, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(11), p 7047–7057
A. Toosinezhad, M. Alinezhadfar, and S. Mahdavi, Cobalt/Graphene Electrodeposits: Characteristics, Tribological Behavior, and Corrosion Properties, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 385, p 125418
M.J. Palimi, M. Rostami, M. Mahdavian, and B. Ramezanzadeh, Application of EIS and Salt Spray Tests for Investigation of the Anticorrosion Properties of Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites Containing Cr2O3 Nanoparticles Modified with 3-amino Propyl Trimethoxy Silane, Prog. Org. Coat., 2014, 77(11), p 1935–1945
S. Karimi, T. Nickchi, and A. Alfantazi, Effects of Bovine Serum Albumin on the Corrosion Behaviour of AISI, 316L, Co-28Cr-6Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V Alloys in Phosphate Buffered Saline Solutions, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53(10), p 3262–3272
Acknowledgment
The authors are also immensely grateful to engineer Ali Mohseni for his thoughtful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known conflict of interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alinezhadfar, M., Mozammel, M. Effect of Pre-treatment on Roughness and Hydrophobicity of Electro-Etched Steel with Improved Corrosion Resistance. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 5950–5958 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05074-4
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05074-4