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Tracing the Paleobiology of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Notoungulata), the Latest Sciuromorph South American Native Ungulates – Part I: Snout and Masticatory Apparatus

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Abstract

Inquiring into the paleoecology of extinct forms is always a challenge, particularly when the taxa under study correspond to derived ecomorphs of ancient and completely extinct clades. In this contribution, the configuration of the masticatory apparatus and associated features of the Neogene pachyrukhines Paedotherium and Tremacyllus are studied in a detailed, mainly qualitative, comparative analysis of 36 specimens. Tooth morphology and the reconstructed muscular configuration of pachyrukhines indicate an important mediolateral component during chewing, and predominant crushing over grinding, as well as anteroposterior movements for the coupling and action of stronger gnawing incisors. These actions are more compatible with hard and brittle or turgid fruit food consumption than specialized folivorous, and particularly grazing, habits. The infraorbital and palatal foramina morphology and other rostral features indicate increased touch sensibility for object recognition and are congruent with the presence of infoldings of the lips protecting the gingiva during gnawing on hard foods. Additionally, there was a morphological gradient between Tremacyllus and P. bonaerense, from high selection of relatively soft and small food items, to specialized hard item consumption and higher resistance for abrasion and masticatory efforts (e.g., in eventual association with digging habits), respectively. Paedotherium typicum presents intermediate characteristics, with incisors designed for better cropping action or poorer selectivity during feeding. This more profound understanding of the feeding habits of pachyrukhines further allows the suggestion of paleoecological factors that could have contributed to niche segregation between these long-term coexisting rodent-like taxa.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank R. Bárquez, M. Díaz (CML), L. Chornogubsky, M. D. Ezcurra, P. Teta, G. Cassini, S. Lucero (MACN), M. Reguero (MLP), B. Patterson, W. Simpson (FMNH), N. Solís (IDGYM), M. Taglioretti, D. Romero (MMP), and P. Ortíz, (PVL) for granting access to specimens under their care; and N. Martino (MMP) and D. García López (PVL) for help during collection visits. We are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers, and the Editor-in-Chief J. Wible for their valuable comments and corrections that greatly improved this work. We thank S. Rosas (INECOA) for help with graphics issues, M. M. Morales and A. Elissamburu for access to specialized literature, M. I. Zamar and colleagues of the INBIAL for access to equipments necessary to describe strations, and M. Reguero and M. Taglioretti for help during the anatomical studies. A.A. thanks CONICET and Fulbright Commission, and M.D.E. acknowledges IOM, for financial support for visiting the FMNH collections. This work is a contribution to the financed projects 11/N865 (UNLP), PICT-2018-01237 (ANPCYT), and INECOA-PUE 2017 22920170100027CO (CONICET).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (Universidad Nacional de Jujuy – CONICET), Av. Bolivia 1239, 4600, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

    Marcos D. Ercoli, Alicia Álvarez & S. Rocío Moyano

  2. Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Av. Bolivia 1661, 4600, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

    Marcos D. Ercoli & Alicia Álvarez

  3. Centro de Estudios Territoriales Ambientales y Sociales (CETAS), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina

    S. Rocío Moyano

  4. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Biology, Department of Zoology, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dionisios Youlatos

  5. División de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Adriana M. Candela

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Contributions

MDE conceived the study; MDE and AA acquired all the images used and made the anatomical descriptions; MDE and AA wrote the manuscript. MDE and SRM built the figures. DY and AMC revised it critically. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Marcos D. Ercoli.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Online resource 1.

Measurements taken for extant and extint specimens, in the lateral view of the cranium and mandible (a), ventral view of the cranium (b), and dorsal view of the mandible (c). See Materials and Methods for explanation of the abbreviations (PDF 429 kb)

Appendix 1 List of studied fossil and extant specimens. Preserved main regions are indicated in the case of fossil specimens: C = cranium, M = mandible

Appendix 1 List of studied fossil and extant specimens. Preserved main regions are indicated in the case of fossil specimens: C = cranium, M = mandible

Fossil specimens

Paedotherium bonaerense

MACN A 1251–52 (C, M), MACN A 7214 (C), MACN Pv 7520 (M), MACN Pv 18,098–100 (C); MLP 99-X-2-1 (C, M); IDGYM s/n (C, M); MMP 158-S (C), 1655-M (C); Cerdeño and Bond (1998) (C, M)

P. typicum

MACN Pv 5751 (M), MACN Pv 6436 (C, M), MACN Pv 10,513 (M), MLP 12–1782 (C, M), MLP 52-IX-28-14 (C), MMP 698-S (C, M), MMP 1008-M (C, M), PVL 3386 (C), Kraglievich (1926) (C, M), Cerdeño and Bond (1998) (C, M)

P. borrelloi

MLP 57-X-10-21 (C, M), 57-X-10-62 (M), 57-X-10-88 (C), 57-X-10-142 (M)

P. minor

MLP 26-IV-10-37 (M), MLP 29-IX-1-116 (C), MLP 29-IX-2-20 (C, M), MLP 29-IX-2-102 (M), MLP 29-IX-2-103 (M), MLP 29-IX-2-157 (C), MLP 55-IV-28-30 (C, M), MMP 464-M (M)

P. cf. P. minor

MLP 55-IV-28-82 (C)

Tremacyllus spp.

FMNH P 14456 (C, M), FMNH P 14465 (C); MACN Pv 2434 (C, M), MACN Pv 2913 (C), MACN PV 8157 (C, M), MACN Pv 7207 (M), MLP 95-III-31-15 (C, M)

Extant specimens

Cavia aperea

MACN Ma 27.7, MMP ND 83

Chinchilla chinchilla

MACN Ma 45.11, MACN Ma 16267

Ctenomys frater

CML 7235, MACN Ma 27.122

Cynomys ludovicianus

FMNH 14964, FMNH 58999

Heterohyrax brucei

FMNH 18842, FMNH 104600

Lepus capensis

FMNH 42407; MACN Ma 26084

Ratufa affinis

FMNH 68746, FMNH 68747

Tragulus kanchil

FMNH 68768, FMNH 68778

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Ercoli, M.D., Álvarez, A., Moyano, S.R. et al. Tracing the Paleobiology of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Notoungulata), the Latest Sciuromorph South American Native Ungulates – Part I: Snout and Masticatory Apparatus. J Mammal Evol 28, 377–409 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-020-09516-7

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