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Magnetic Resonance in Collective Paramagnets with Gapped Excitation Spectrum

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Abstract

In some magnets, despite the presence of a strong exchange interaction between magnetic ions, conventional magnetic ordering does not occur, but a collective paramagnetic state is formed. If, due to the particular architecture of the exchange bonds, the ground state turns out to be a singlet state and is separated from the triplet excited states by a gap in the energy spectrum, then this state persists down to T = 0. The spin dynamics of collective paramagnets with gap excitation spectrum (spin-gap magnets) at low temperatures can be described as the behavior of a dilute gas of triplet excitations. The application of a sufficiently strong magnetic field can close the gap in the spectrum, which leads to a gapless spin liquid state, or even to the unusual phenomenon of the formation of field-induced antiferromagnetism. The introduction of impurities into a spin-gap magnet leads to the formation of a paramagnetic center in the vicinity of a defect or exchange bonds randomly distributed in the lattice. This review presents the results of the study of several characteristic representatives of the class of quantum paramagnets with gapped excitation spectrum by the EPR spectroscopy method: a quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet (C4H12N2)Cu2Cl6 and quasi-one-dimensional magnets of the spin tube, Cu2Cl4 ⋅ H8C4SO2, and the spin ladder, (C7H10N)2CuBr4, types. It has been shown that the electron spin resonance spectra make it possible to find common features in the behavior of these systems: to detect and characterize the fine structure of the energy levels of triplet excitations, to detect multiparticle relaxation processes in a gas of triplet excitations, and to observe the excitation of spin waves in the field-induced antiferromagnetically ordered state. Individual features of different systems are revealed as well.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is grateful to A. Zheludev (ETH-Zürich) for participating in the studies included in the review: the results presented here could not have been obtained without the samples grown at the Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Magnetism, ETH-Zürich, a combination of techniques available at the Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Magnetism, ETH-Zürich, with the studies by the EPR spectroscopy technique at the Institute for Physical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, allowed the study of the arising phenomena in their entirety.

The author is grateful to his colleagues T. Yankova (Moscow State University), Yu. Krasnikova and G. Skoblin (Institute for Physical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences), D. Hüvonen, E. Wulf, С Mühlbauer, D. Schmidiger, and K. Povarov (ETH-Zürich), and J. Sichelschmidt (MPI-CPFS, Dresden) for their participation in these studies. The author is grateful to A.I. Smirnov, L.E. Svistov, A.B. Drovosekov, and T.A. Soldatov (Institute for Physical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences) for their help in setting up the experiment and numerous discussions.

The crystal structures were drawn by the Balls and Sticks program [63].

Funding

The studies presented in the review were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project nos. 15-02-05918 and 19-02-00194), the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-12-01505), and the Swiss National Science Foundation, Division 2. The new experimental results on EPR at T < 1 K in (C4H12N2)Cu2Cl6 and Cu2Cl4 ⋅ H8C4SO2 were obtained with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 17-12-01505). The review was prepared with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 19-02-00194) and the Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Topical Problems of Low-Temperature Physics.”

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This article was prepared for the special issue dedicated to the centenary of A.S. Borovik-Romanov.

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Glazkov, V.N. Magnetic Resonance in Collective Paramagnets with Gapped Excitation Spectrum. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 131, 46–61 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776120070067

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