Abstract
Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the scientific system is a concern of scientific policymakers in each country. This research aimed to present a methodology to detect the strong and weak points of science in various countries by adopting the method of economic complexity. Subsequently, the formulation mode of scientific diversification strategies of different countries is introduced using the complexity approach. In this method, first the scientific diversity of each country and the ubiquity of scientific domains are calculated, and the fitness of the countries and the scientific complexity of the domains are accordingly estimated. Subsequently, the scientific domains creating the highest level of complexity, the least distance from the country and the most opportunity gain for that country are introduced as scientific productivity and strategy border of the country to diversify the scientific system of the country. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses as well as diversification strategies of the Iranian scientific system have been presented as a case study. The findings showed that the scientific domains that emerge as the efficiency frontier of scientific capabilities can be used by countries’ policymakers for scientific diversification.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Status of scientific domains in terms of Fitness and Ubiquity based on 2015 citation data of SCImago and the status of Iran in each of domains in terms of Opportunity Gain, Distance, RCA and Citations. Out of 300 scientific domains, Iran has a RCA of ≥ 1 in only 107 domains.
Row | Subject area | Domain | Ubiquity | Fitness ↓ | Iran | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opportunity gain | Distance | RCA | Citations | |||||
1 | Health Sciences | Assessment and Diagnosis | 6 | 0.012542 | − 0.001745 | 0.743 | 0.922 | 12 |
2 | Health Sciences | Critical Care Nursing | 7 | 0.012106 | − 0.000708 | 0.788 | 0.000 | 0 |
3 | Social Sciences | Gender Studies | 9 | 0.009418 | 0.000882 | 0.841 | 0.033 | 3 |
4 | Social Sciences | Developmental and Educational Psychology | 10 | 0.009219 | 0.001202 | 0.843 | 0.139 | 133 |
5 | Health Sciences | Leadership and Management | 9 | 0.008888 | 0.000416 | 0.796 | 0.355 | 14 |
6 | Social Sciences | Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty | 8 | 0.007960 | 0.000114 | 0.797 | 0.641 | 242 |
7 | Health Sciences | Fundamentals and Skills (nursing) | 11 | 0.006792 | 0.000639 | 0.754 | 0.859 | 19 |
8 | Health Sciences | Occupational Therapy | 12 | 0.006697 | 0.001307 | 0.792 | 0.322 | 6 |
9 | Health Sciences | Pediatrics | 11 | 0.006646 | 0.000614 | 0.750 | 0.695 | 20 |
10 | Health Sciences | Maternity and Midwifery | 12 | 0.006458 | 0 | 0.763 | 1.226 | 60 |
11 | Health Sciences | Oncology (nursing) | 12 | 0.006417 | 0.001391 | 0.801 | 0.424 | 23 |
12 | Social Sciences | Accounting | 12 | 0.006341 | 0.001017 | 0.754 | 0.039 | 8 |
13 | Social Sciences | Clinical Psychology | 13 | 0.006334 | 0.001541 | 0.792 | 0.304 | 271 |
14 | Health Sciences | Podiatry | 10 | 0.006183 | 0 | 0.605 | 2.311 | 11 |
15 | Social Sciences | Psychology (miscellaneous) | 13 | 0.006141 | 0.001499 | 0.796 | 0.410 | 338 |
16 | Social Sciences | Experimental and Cognitive Psychology | 13 | 0.005871 | 0.001583 | 0.806 | 0.330 | 231 |
17 | Social Sciences | Social Psychology | 14 | 0.005620 | 0.001792 | 0.801 | 0.120 | 66 |
18 | Life Sciences | Developmental Biology | 13 | 0.005522 | 0.001414 | 0.794 | 0.428 | 487 |
19 | Physical Sciences | Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | 8 | 0.005286 | − 0.002353 | 0.414 | 0.669 | 4743 |
20 | Physical Sciences | Catalysis | 9 | 0.005236 | − 0.001761 | 0.489 | 0.708 | 3433 |
21 | Health Sciences | Psychiatric Mental Health | 15 | 0.005233 | 0.001947 | 0.787 | 0.117 | 11 |
22 | Health Sciences | Surgery | 13 | 0.005201 | 0.000906 | 0.726 | 0.502 | 1391 |
23 | Life Sciences | Neuroscience (miscellaneous) | 13 | 0.005200 | 0.001469 | 0.802 | 0.307 | 939 |
24 | Health Sciences | Health Professions (miscellaneous) | 15 | 0.005168 | 0.001524 | 0.744 | 0.579 | 18 |
25 | Health Sciences | Medical and Surgical Nursing | 14 | 0.005165 | 0.001226 | 0.739 | 0.239 | 6 |
26 | Social Sciences | Health (social science) | 15 | 0.005060 | 0.001977 | 0.801 | 0.207 | 129 |
27 | Physical Sciences | Colloid and Surface Chemistry | 9 | 0.005043 | − 0.001255 | 0.521 | 0.656 | 1039 |
28 | Health Sciences | Family Practice | 15 | 0.004952 | 0.001982 | 0.804 | 0.249 | 28 |
29 | Health Sciences | Medical Laboratory Technology | 13 | 0.004929 | 0.000563 | 0.713 | 0.998 | 109 |
30 | Life Sciences | Molecular Biology | 14 | 0.004868 | 0.001612 | 0.795 | 0.367 | 3079 |
31 | Social Sciences | Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology | 15 | 0.004825 | 0.001856 | 0.801 | 0.176 | 77 |
32 | Social Sciences | Life-span and Life-course Studies | 16 | 0.004817 | 0.001891 | 0.762 | 0.085 | 8 |
33 | Health Sciences | Health Information Management | 12 | 0.004808 | − 0.000434 | 0.586 | 0.380 | 77 |
34 | Health Sciences | Speech and Hearing | 16 | 0.004786 | 0.001988 | 0.777 | 0.444 | 62 |
35 | Health Sciences | Optometry | 14 | 0.004721 | 0 | 0.623 | 1.312 | 37 |
36 | Social Sciences | Applied Psychology | 17 | 0.004693 | 0.002357 | 0.798 | 0.077 | 49 |
37 | Life Sciences | Cognitive Neuroscience | 15 | 0.004691 | 0.001726 | 0.773 | 0.353 | 444 |
38 | Health Sciences | Geriatrics and Gerontology | 17 | 0.004688 | 0.002306 | 0.796 | 0.184 | 147 |
39 | Social Sciences | Marketing | 16 | 0.004642 | 0.001605 | 0.740 | 0.763 | 280 |
40 | Health Sciences | Internal Medicine | 17 | 0.004555 | 0.002268 | 0.787 | 0.530 | 866 |
41 | Health Sciences | Gerontology | 16 | 0.004550 | 0.00199 | 0.777 | 0.305 | 35 |
42 | Health Sciences | Advanced and Specialized Nursing | 17 | 0.004484 | 0.002187 | 0.786 | 0.356 | 161 |
43 | Social Sciences | Social Work | 16 | 0.004426 | 0.002092 | 0.783 | 0.043 | 5 |
44 | Health Sciences | Research and Theory | 16 | 0.004420 | 0 | 0.690 | 1.025 | 10 |
45 | Social Sciences | Demography | 17 | 0.004385 | 0.002169 | 0.789 | 0.101 | 10 |
46 | Health Sciences | Hematology | 16 | 0.004334 | 0.001639 | 0.764 | 0.245 | 651 |
47 | Health Sciences | LPN and LVN | 17 | 0.004272 | 0.00172 | 0.730 | 0.238 | 6 |
48 | Health Sciences | Psychiatry and Mental Health | 18 | 0.004258 | 0.002411 | 0.796 | 0.275 | 890 |
49 | Health Sciences | Orthopedics and Sports Medicine | 18 | 0.004235 | 0.002337 | 0.783 | 0.541 | 867 |
50 | Life Sciences | Developmental Neuroscience | 18 | 0.004183 | 0.002466 | 0.802 | 0.179 | 56 |
51 | Life Sciences | Cancer Research | 17 | 0.004179 | 0.001872 | 0.758 | 0.448 | 2634 |
52 | Health Sciences | Issues, Ethics and Legal Aspects | 18 | 0.004178 | 0.002204 | 0.767 | 0.566 | 39 |
53 | Physical Sciences | Atmospheric Science | 16 | 0.004171 | 0.001762 | 0.766 | 0.434 | 787 |
55 | Physical Sciences | Bioengineering | 13 | 0.004168 | − 0.000203 | 0.566 | 0.855 | 2585 |
54 | Physical Sciences | Biomaterials | 12 | 0.004168 | 0 | 0.422 | 1.294 | 2834 |
56 | Physical Sciences | Biomedical Engineering | 13 | 0.004150 | 0 | 0.522 | 1.241 | 3641 |
57 | Health Sciences | Chiropractic | 17 | 0.004140 | 0 | 0.682 | 1.037 | 10 |
58 | Social Sciences | Finance | 17 | 0.004124 | 0.001858 | 0.743 | 0.085 | 37 |
59 | Health Sciences | Community and Home Care | 16 | 0.004115 | 0.001367 | 0.710 | 0.453 | 14 |
60 | Health Sciences | Health Policy | 18 | 0.004102 | 0.002383 | 0.796 | 0.477 | 428 |
61 | Social Sciences | History and Philosophy of Science | 17 | 0.004034 | 0.00201 | 0.774 | 0.089 | 204 |
62 | Health Sciences | Oncology | 17 | 0.003978 | 0.001613 | 0.737 | 0.306 | 2537 |
63 | Social Sciences | Urban Studies | 18 | 0.003972 | 0.001722 | 0.708 | 0.707 | 120 |
64 | Life Sciences | Cell Biology | 17 | 0.003945 | 0.001936 | 0.779 | 0.337 | 2032 |
65 | Life Sciences | Neurology | 19 | 0.003943 | 0.002472 | 0.797 | 0.353 | 807 |
66 | Social Sciences | Law | 19 | 0.003933 | 0.002247 | 0.764 | 0.351 | 175 |
67 | Health Sciences | Urology | 18 | 0.003921 | 0.001738 | 0.725 | 0.451 | 441 |
68 | Physical Sciences | Media Technology | 15 | 0.003914 | 0.0005 | 0.617 | 0.454 | 129 |
69 | Life Sciences | Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience | 18 | 0.003911 | 0.002235 | 0.787 | 0.412 | 691 |
70 | Physical Sciences | Architecture | 16 | 0.003907 | 0 | 0.576 | 1.594 | 128 |
71 | Life Sciences | Behavioral Neuroscience | 18 | 0.003886 | 0.002057 | 0.770 | 0.855 | 605 |
72 | Social Sciences | Museology | 17 | 0.003875 | 0.00156 | 0.721 | 0.247 | 3 |
74 | Physical Sciences | Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design | 16 | 0.003861 | 0.001462 | 0.730 | 0.822 | 325 |
73 | Physical Sciences | Computers in Earth Sciences | 17 | 0.003861 | 0.00174 | 0.760 | 0.773 | 611 |
75 | Health Sciences | Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging | 17 | 0.003859 | 0.001529 | 0.724 | 0.787 | 2143 |
76 | Social Sciences | Public Administration | 19 | 0.003854 | 0.002276 | 0.762 | 0.013 | 2 |
77 | Health Sciences | Rehabilitation | 20 | 0.003840 | 0.002376 | 0.757 | 0.799 | 350 |
78 | Physical Sciences | Chemistry (miscellaneous) | 12 | 0.003828 | 0 | 0.403 | 1.251 | 21,275 |
79 | Social Sciences | Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 19 | 0.003815 | 0.002218 | 0.762 | 0.211 | 62 |
80 | Health Sciences | Pharmacy | 18 | 0.003804 | 0.001573 | 0.692 | 0.493 | 17 |
81 | Health Sciences | Embryology | 17 | 0.003802 | 0.001531 | 0.723 | 0.108 | 8 |
82 | Life Sciences | Molecular Medicine | 15 | 0.003800 | 0.000494 | 0.647 | 0.470 | 1337 |
83 | Health Sciences | Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine | 20 | 0.003773 | 0.002474 | 0.780 | 0.428 | 378 |
84 | Health Sciences | Sports Science | 19 | 0.003760 | 0.002378 | 0.779 | 0.306 | 357 |
85 | Health Sciences | Neurology (clinical) | 20 | 0.003757 | 0.002561 | 0.794 | 0.352 | 1579 |
86 | Physical Sciences | Chemical Health and Safety | 16 | 0.003735 | 0 | 0.578 | 1.793 | 72 |
87 | Social Sciences | Sociology and Political Science | 19 | 0.003722 | 0.002388 | 0.780 | 0.135 | 156 |
88 | Physical Sciences | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition | 15 | 0.003689 | 0.000623 | 0.637 | 0.413 | 564 |
89 | Health Sciences | Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism | 20 | 0.003677 | 0.002465 | 0.778 | 0.606 | 1595 |
90 | Physical Sciences | Geochemistry and Petrology | 17 | 0.003670 | 0.001615 | 0.732 | 0.740 | 1180 |
91 | Health Sciences | Dental Hygiene | 16 | 0.003655 | 0 | 0.545 | 6.144 | 11 |
92 | Social Sciences | Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) | 20 | 0.003626 | 0.002154 | 0.739 | 0.469 | 356 |
93 | Physical Sciences | Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment | 14 | 0.003623 | 0 | 0.421 | 1.476 | 7316 |
94 | Physical Sciences | Signal Processing | 15 | 0.003623 | 0.000289 | 0.592 | 0.879 | 1258 |
95 | Social Sciences | Linguistics and Language | 20 | 0.003617 | 0.002371 | 0.765 | 0.520 | 198 |
96 | Social Sciences | Music | 19 | 0.003559 | 0.001996 | 0.744 | 0.000 | 0 |
97 | Social Sciences | Development | 19 | 0.003552 | 0.001579 | 0.704 | 0.421 | 173 |
98 | Health Sciences | Transplantation | 19 | 0.003532 | 0.001665 | 0.719 | 0.525 | 336 |
99 | Health Sciences | Nursing (miscellaneous) | 20 | 0.003508 | 0.002198 | 0.742 | 0.506 | 157 |
100 | Social Sciences | Religious Studies | 18 | 0.003500 | 0.001452 | 0.696 | 0.458 | 22 |
101 | Life Sciences | Biochemistry | 14 | 0.003491 | − 0.000245 | 0.536 | 0.805 | 7403 |
102 | Life Sciences | Sensory Systems | 20 | 0.003487 | 0.00218 | 0.738 | 0.364 | 188 |
103 | Health Sciences | Pharmacology (medical) | 20 | 0.003479 | 0.002111 | 0.750 | 0.655 | 1481 |
104 | Life Sciences | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) | 20 | 0.003452 | 0.002377 | 0.779 | 0.212 | 1988 |
105 | Physical Sciences | Oceanography | 20 | 0.003446 | 0.002166 | 0.753 | 0.259 | 285 |
106 | Physical Sciences | Human-Computer Interaction | 18 | 0.003435 | 0.001443 | 0.676 | 0.692 | 627 |
107 | Social Sciences | Philosophy | 21 | 0.003411 | 0.002401 | 0.766 | 0.761 | 175 |
108 | Social Sciences | Human Factors and Ergonomics | 21 | 0.003401 | 0.002283 | 0.738 | 0.461 | 64 |
109 | Health Sciences | Emergency Nursing | 20 | 0.003387 | 0.001752 | 0.717 | 0.031 | 6 |
110 | Physical Sciences | Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) | 20 | 0.003378 | 0.002351 | 0.770 | 0.659 | 1423 |
111 | Health Sciences | Ophthalmology | 18 | 0.003377 | 0.001266 | 0.658 | 0.730 | 663 |
112 | Physical Sciences | Electrochemistry | 14 | 0.003372 | 0 | 0.388 | 1.376 | 2348 |
113 | Physical Sciences | Software | 18 | 0.003368 | 0.001195 | 0.649 | 0.893 | 4070 |
114 | Social Sciences | Literature and Literary Theory | 19 | 0.003362 | 0.001833 | 0.722 | 0.570 | 31 |
115 | Health Sciences | Pathology and Forensic Medicine | 20 | 0.003325 | 0.001769 | 0.701 | 0.463 | 514 |
116 | Physical Sciences | Hardware and Architecture | 17 | 0.003324 | 0.000723 | 0.590 | 0.869 | 1035 |
117 | Health Sciences | Radiological and Ultrasound Technology | 20 | 0.003303 | 0.001657 | 0.703 | 0.793 | 453 |
118 | Life Sciences | Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous) | 16 | 0.003298 | 0 | 0.558 | 3.416 | 1831 |
120 | Physical Sciences | Ecological Modeling | 20 | 0.003290 | 0.001728 | 0.701 | 0.538 | 84 |
119 | Health Sciences | Orthodontics | 18 | 0.003290 | 0 | 0.591 | 1.907 | 224 |
121 | Social Sciences | Library and Information Sciences | 20 | 0.003271 | 0.001743 | 0.696 | 0.505 | 197 |
122 | Physical Sciences | Geophysics | 19 | 0.003263 | 0.001987 | 0.746 | 0.411 | 644 |
123 | Life Sciences | Endocrine and Autonomic Systems | 21 | 0.003259 | 0.002215 | 0.748 | 0.212 | 51 |
124 | Health Sciences | Anatomy | 20 | 0.003253 | 0.001868 | 0.734 | 0.679 | 207 |
125 | Physical Sciences | Energy Engineering and Power Technology | 16 | 0.003227 | 0 | 0.462 | 3.152 | 9284 |
126 | Physical Sciences | Filtration and Separation | 16 | 0.003225 | 0 | 0.458 | 3.255 | 964 |
127 | Physical Sciences | Information Systems | 18 | 0.003208 | 0.000957 | 0.608 | 0.813 | 1400 |
128 | Health Sciences | Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine | 22 | 0.003197 | 0.002354 | 0.755 | 0.383 | 387 |
129 | Health Sciences | Emergency Medicine | 22 | 0.003189 | 0.002163 | 0.726 | 0.321 | 146 |
130 | Physical Sciences | Computer Networks and Communications | 18 | 0.003178 | 0.00085 | 0.588 | 0.664 | 1928 |
131 | Physical Sciences | Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology | 18 | 0.003173 | 0 | 0.576 | 2.353 | 1856 |
132 | Social Sciences | Communication | 22 | 0.003156 | 0.002298 | 0.741 | 0.140 | 48 |
133 | Health Sciences | Genetics (clinical) | 23 | 0.003139 | 0.002499 | 0.764 | 0.355 | 625 |
134 | Health Sciences | Otorhinolaryngology | 20 | 0.003136 | 0.001545 | 0.681 | 0.625 | 307 |
135 | Physical Sciences | Materials Science (miscellaneous) | 14 | 0.003130 | 0 | 0.360 | 1.206 | 13546 |
136 | Physical Sciences | Earth-Surface Processes | 21 | 0.003106 | 0.00194 | 0.729 | 0.681 | 903 |
137 | Health Sciences | Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation | 22 | 0.003099 | 0.002277 | 0.735 | 0.403 | 329 |
138 | Social Sciences | Visual Arts and Performing Arts | 24 | 0.003097 | 0.002395 | 0.731 | 0.000 | 0 |
140 | Physical Sciences | Computational Mechanics | 17 | 0.003096 | 0 | 0.495 | 3.911 | 735 |
139 | Health Sciences | Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health | 23 | 0.003096 | 0.002359 | 0.739 | 0.495 | 806 |
141 | Social Sciences | Safety Research | 21 | 0.003093 | 0 | 0.655 | 2.660 | 362 |
142 | Physical Sciences | Ceramics and Composites | 15 | 0.003072 | 0 | 0.391 | 1.766 | 4066 |
143 | Social Sciences | Political Science and International Relations | 23 | 0.003052 | 0.00241 | 0.749 | 0.027 | 9 |
144 | Physical Sciences | Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality | 20 | 0.003043 | 0 | 0.592 | 1.901 | 1513 |
145 | Physical Sciences | Computational Theory and Mathematics | 19 | 0.003041 | 0.001093 | 0.627 | 0.755 | 856 |
146 | Health Sciences | Nutrition and Dietetics | 23 | 0.003027 | 0.002211 | 0.723 | 0.840 | 1088 |
147 | Life Sciences | Biophysics | 16 | 0.003020 | 0 | 0.488 | 1.742 | 3563 |
148 | Social Sciences | Management Information Systems | 19 | 0.003011 | 0 | 0.558 | 1.052 | 279 |
149 | Life Sciences | Biological Psychiatry | 23 | 0.003004 | 0.002362 | 0.753 | 0.558 | 393 |
150 | Social Sciences | Education | 23 | 0.003001 | 0.00198 | 0.688 | 0.435 | 592 |
151 | Physical Sciences | Acoustics and Ultrasonics | 17 | 0.002998 | 0 | 0.572 | 2.067 | 1030 |
152 | Health Sciences | Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine | 23 | 0.002995 | 0.002372 | 0.752 | 0.135 | 242 |
153 | Physical Sciences | Economic Geology | 19 | 0.002989 | 0 | 0.585 | 1.448 | 284 |
154 | Life Sciences | Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous) | 24 | 0.002979 | 0.002532 | 0.760 | 0.647 | 1086 |
155 | Physical Sciences | Computer Science Applications | 18 | 0.002978 | 0 | 0.472 | 1.218 | 7182 |
156 | Social Sciences | Industrial Relations | 21 | 0.002964 | 0 | 0.633 | 1.102 | 67 |
157 | Life Sciences | Aquatic Science | 22 | 0.002959 | 0.001927 | 0.710 | 0.657 | 1042 |
158 | Health Sciences | Reproductive Medicine | 22 | 0.002953 | 0 | 0.680 | 1.730 | 836 |
159 | Social Sciences | Language and Linguistics | 22 | 0.002948 | 0.002131 | 0.730 | 0.473 | 191 |
160 | Life Sciences | Genetics | 24 | 0.002937 | 0.002571 | 0.769 | 0.299 | 1999 |
161 | Health Sciences | Physiology (medical) | 23 | 0.002928 | 0.002234 | 0.734 | 0.136 | 218 |
162 | Life Sciences | Aging | 23 | 0.002915 | 0.002032 | 0.713 | 0.230 | 93 |
163 | Physical Sciences | Statistics and Probability | 19 | 0.002898 | 0 | 0.638 | 1.318 | 1575 |
164 | Physical Sciences | Paleontology | 21 | 0.002895 | 0.001912 | 0.724 | 0.304 | 201 |
165 | Life Sciences | Structural Biology | 18 | 0.002890 | 0 | 0.595 | 1.356 | 995 |
166 | Social Sciences | Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 23 | 0.002878 | 0.001726 | 0.661 | 0.470 | 110 |
167 | Social Sciences | Cultural Studies | 23 | 0.002875 | 0.002315 | 0.738 | 0.050 | 13 |
168 | Physical Sciences | Aerospace Engineering | 18 | 0.002839 | 0 | 0.476 | 2.334 | 1913 |
169 | Life Sciences | Pharmacology | 21 | 0.002814 | 0 | 0.613 | 1.092 | 3920 |
170 | Physical Sciences | Geology | 21 | 0.002813 | 0.001362 | 0.653 | 0.974 | 1461 |
171 | Health Sciences | Hepatology | 23 | 0.002804 | 0.001932 | 0.698 | 0.572 | 655 |
172 | Social Sciences | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 23 | 0.002800 | 0.002142 | 0.726 | 0.525 | 487 |
174 | Health Sciences | Complementary and Manual Therapy | 22 | 0.002789 | 0 | 0.608 | 5.152 | 1973 |
173 | Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary | 22 | 0.002789 | 0.001986 | 0.712 | 0.224 | 100 |
175 | Life Sciences | Virology | 23 | 0.002766 | 0.002043 | 0.728 | 0.176 | 256 |
176 | Physical Sciences | Statistical and Nonlinear Physics | 19 | 0.002760 | 0.000807 | 0.626 | 0.940 | 453 |
177 | Social Sciences | Business and International Management | 25 | 0.002749 | 0.002204 | 0.707 | 0.567 | 383 |
178 | Social Sciences | Archeology | 24 | 0.002743 | 0.001897 | 0.696 | 0.140 | 33 |
179 | Physical Sciences | Water Science and Technology | 23 | 0.002742 | 0 | 0.624 | 2.028 | 3865 |
180 | Health Sciences | Dentistry (miscellaneous) | 22 | 0.002722 | 0 | 0.634 | 2.342 | 1046 |
181 | Life Sciences | Immunology | 25 | 0.002715 | 0.002408 | 0.749 | 0.337 | 1550 |
182 | Physical Sciences | Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) | 18 | 0.002714 | 0 | 0.416 | 3.902 | 21115 |
183 | Social Sciences | Classics | 23 | 0.002701 | 0.002002 | 0.701 | 0.000 | 0 |
185 | Health Sciences | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 19 | 0.002678 | 0 | 0.465 | 3.654 | 1559 |
184 | Social Sciences | Management Science and Operations Research | 24 | 0.002678 | 0 | 0.631 | 2.100 | 1166 |
186 | Physical Sciences | Electrical and Electronic Engineering | 18 | 0.002672 | 0 | 0.433 | 1.602 | 16,959 |
188 | Physical Sciences | Astronomy and Astrophysics | 23 | 0.002659 | 0.001919 | 0.722 | 0.162 | 473 |
187 | Social Sciences | Economics and Econometrics | 26 | 0.002659 | 0.002365 | 0.724 | 0.351 | 680 |
189 | Health Sciences | Health Informatics | 25 | 0.002648 | 0.001952 | 0.669 | 0.917 | 473 |
190 | Life Sciences | Microbiology | 25 | 0.002641 | 0.002215 | 0.730 | 0.685 | 1552 |
191 | Social Sciences | Anthropology | 24 | 0.002634 | 0.002083 | 0.712 | 0.015 | 4 |
192 | Social Sciences | E-learning | 25 | 0.002632 | 0.001877 | 0.672 | 0.073 | 12 |
193 | Health Sciences | Equine | 24 | 0.002628 | 0 | 0.660 | 1.357 | 64 |
194 | Health Sciences | Biochemistry (medical) | 25 | 0.002626 | 0.001962 | 0.685 | 0.777 | 446 |
195 | Life Sciences | Endocrinology | 25 | 0.002624 | 0.002172 | 0.709 | 0.491 | 865 |
196 | Social Sciences | Management of Technology and Innovation | 25 | 0.002608 | 0.002202 | 0.701 | 0.442 | 244 |
197 | Life Sciences | Insect Science | 22 | 0.002607 | 0.001397 | 0.653 | 0.635 | 482 |
198 | Life Sciences | Physiology | 25 | 0.002601 | 0.00221 | 0.730 | 0.302 | 817 |
199 | Social Sciences | Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) | 22 | 0.002600 | 0.001202 | 0.621 | 0.337 | 100 |
200 | Health Sciences | Gastroenterology | 25 | 0.002600 | 0.002042 | 0.696 | 0.408 | 724 |
201 | Life Sciences | Biotechnology | 22 | 0.002597 | 0.001074 | 0.611 | 0.835 | 3056 |
202 | Health Sciences | Infectious Diseases | 25 | 0.002587 | 0.002081 | 0.713 | 0.678 | 2559 |
203 | Physical Sciences | Radiation | 21 | 0.002586 | 0.001126 | 0.615 | 0.930 | 403 |
204 | Health Sciences | Obstetrics and Gynecology | 27 | 0.002578 | 0.002362 | 0.718 | 0.842 | 1005 |
205 | Physical Sciences | Ecology | 26 | 0.002576 | 0.002268 | 0.722 | 0.316 | 855 |
206 | Physical Sciences | Computational Mathematics | 20 | 0.002570 | 0 | 0.516 | 2.445 | 1853 |
207 | Social Sciences | Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 26 | 0.002562 | 0.002175 | 0.701 | 0.839 | 404 |
208 | Physical Sciences | Control and Systems Engineering | 20 | 0.002536 | 0 | 0.451 | 1.548 | 4766 |
209 | Life Sciences | Pharmaceutical Science | 20 | 0.002532 | 0 | 0.489 | 1.347 | 2359 |
210 | Health Sciences | Nephrology | 25 | 0.002530 | 0.001982 | 0.691 | 0.589 | 419 |
211 | Physical Sciences | Global and Planetary Change | 26 | 0.002519 | 0.002281 | 0.732 | 0.363 | 336 |
212 | Health Sciences | Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 26 | 0.002509 | 0 | 0.704 | 1.124 | 3331 |
213 | Physical Sciences | Fuel Technology | 22 | 0.002505 | 0 | 0.530 | 3.159 | 5061 |
215 | Physical Sciences | Automotive Engineering | 21 | 0.002501 | 0 | 0.564 | 1.008 | 71 |
214 | Health Sciences | Small Animals | 24 | 0.002501 | 0 | 0.621 | 1.378 | 483 |
216 | Health Sciences | Histology | 25 | 0.002498 | 0.00165 | 0.662 | 0.365 | 215 |
217 | Life Sciences | Forestry | 25 | 0.002497 | 0.001989 | 0.701 | 0.497 | 442 |
218 | Physical Sciences | Artificial Intelligence | 21 | 0.002495 | 0 | 0.457 | 1.327 | 2882 |
219 | Life Sciences | Parasitology | 25 | 0.002487 | 0.001878 | 0.685 | 0.832 | 820 |
220 | Physical Sciences | Mechanical Engineering | 19 | 0.002466 | 0 | 0.388 | 2.297 | 16467 |
221 | Physical Sciences | Space and Planetary Science | 25 | 0.002450 | 0.002163 | 0.728 | 0.097 | 460 |
222 | Health Sciences | Oral Surgery | 24 | 0.002449 | 0 | 0.597 | 1.005 | 247 |
223 | Physical Sciences | Ocean Engineering | 22 | 0.002448 | 0 | 0.498 | 3.491 | 1612 |
224 | Physical Sciences | Logic | 23 | 0.002446 | 0.001047 | 0.604 | 0.742 | 53 |
225 | Physical Sciences | Inorganic Chemistry | 20 | 0.002439 | 0 | 0.465 | 1.743 | 3070 |
226 | Physical Sciences | Metals and Alloys | 19 | 0.002434 | 0 | 0.405 | 1.567 | 3888 |
227 | Physical Sciences | Nature and Landscape Conservation | 27 | 0.002432 | 0.002045 | 0.697 | 0.216 | 162 |
228 | Physical Sciences | Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes | 20 | 0.002410 | 0 | 0.412 | 3.598 | 1178 |
229 | Life Sciences | Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) | 27 | 0.002396 | 0.002246 | 0.716 | 0.437 | 1960 |
230 | Social Sciences | Archeology (arts and humanities) | 28 | 0.002386 | 0.002166 | 0.701 | 0.107 | 27 |
231 | Health Sciences | Microbiology (medical) | 27 | 0.002384 | 0.002067 | 0.695 | 0.923 | 1385 |
232 | Physical Sciences | Control and Optimization | 23 | 0.002374 | 0 | 0.574 | 1.267 | 380 |
233 | Health Sciences | Periodontics | 25 | 0.002357 | 0.001416 | 0.621 | 0.285 | 26 |
234 | Health Sciences | Rheumatology | 28 | 0.002354 | 0.002059 | 0.695 | 0.257 | 249 |
235 | Physical Sciences | Mechanics of Materials | 20 | 0.002331 | 0 | 0.396 | 2.428 | 11,873 |
237 | Health Sciences | Dermatology | 27 | 0.002327 | 0.001892 | 0.676 | 0.698 | 1218 |
236 | Life Sciences | Toxicology | 26 | 0.002327 | 0 | 0.616 | 1.043 | 627 |
238 | Health Sciences | Epidemiology | 28 | 0.002321 | 0 | 0.694 | 1.085 | 1532 |
239 | Social Sciences | Decision Sciences (miscellaneous) | 27 | 0.002312 | 0 | 0.609 | 1.836 | 333 |
240 | Physical Sciences | Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials | 20 | 0.002309 | 0 | 0.429 | 1.534 | 10,306 |
241 | Social Sciences | Geography, Planning and Development | 29 | 0.002305 | 0.002151 | 0.694 | 0.682 | 907 |
242 | Physical Sciences | Nuclear Energy and Engineering | 23 | 0.002302 | 0 | 0.534 | 2.382 | 3305 |
243 | Social Sciences | Strategy and Management | 28 | 0.002281 | 0.001835 | 0.646 | 0.814 | 928 |
244 | Health Sciences | Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine | 29 | 0.002279 | 0.002244 | 0.707 | 0.211 | 1159 |
245 | Physical Sciences | Environmental Chemistry | 24 | 0.002270 | 0 | 0.545 | 1.135 | 4174 |
246 | Life Sciences | Clinical Biochemistry | 25 | 0.002252 | 0 | 0.553 | 1.181 | 1894 |
247 | Physical Sciences | Civil and Structural Engineering | 24 | 0.002251 | 0 | 0.508 | 3.044 | 7022 |
248 | Life Sciences | Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics | 29 | 0.002249 | 0.002348 | 0.727 | 0.340 | 1650 |
249 | Physical Sciences | Surfaces, Coatings and Films | 21 | 0.002226 | 0 | 0.422 | 1.641 | 5684 |
250 | Life Sciences | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | 25 | 0.002212 | 0 | 0.584 | 1.083 | 1165 |
251 | Physical Sciences | Building and Construction | 26 | 0.002183 | 0 | 0.539 | 2.426 | 3546 |
252 | Physical Sciences | Polymers and Plastics | 23 | 0.002179 | 0 | 0.474 | 2.026 | 3505 |
253 | Social Sciences | Information Systems and Management | 27 | 0.002177 | 0 | 0.577 | 1.463 | 923 |
254 | Health Sciences | Veterinary (miscellaneous) | 28 | 0.002165 | 0.001677 | 0.645 | 0.902 | 675 |
255 | Life Sciences | Plant Science | 26 | 0.002158 | 0.001342 | 0.620 | 0.686 | 1965 |
256 | Social Sciences | Conservation | 28 | 0.002157 | 0 | 0.595 | 2.953 | 106 |
258 | Physical Sciences | Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law | 30 | 0.002155 | 0.001896 | 0.651 | 0.888 | 10,782 |
257 | Physical Sciences | Materials Chemistry | 22 | 0.002155 | 0 | 0.434 | 2.053 | 1472 |
259 | Life Sciences | Horticulture | 26 | 0.002149 | 0 | 0.554 | 1.699 | 478 |
260 | Physical Sciences | Pollution | 26 | 0.002144 | 0 | 0.524 | 1.699 | 4403 |
261 | Physical Sciences | Stratigraphy | 28 | 0.002141 | 0.001628 | 0.641 | 0.973 | 200 |
262 | Physical Sciences | Energy (miscellaneous) | 25 | 0.002138 | 0 | 0.512 | 1.273 | 2162 |
263 | Life Sciences | Soil Science | 28 | 0.002137 | 0 | 0.659 | 1.263 | 1630 |
264 | Health Sciences | Immunology and Allergy | 31 | 0.002121 | 0.002277 | 0.709 | 0.458 | 1432 |
265 | Social Sciences | History | 30 | 0.002104 | 0.002161 | 0.693 | 0.093 | 25 |
266 | Physical Sciences | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis | 26 | 0.002096 | 0 | 0.532 | 1.169 | 1666 |
267 | Physical Sciences | Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics | 23 | 0.002095 | 0 | 0.451 | 2.136 | 8350 |
268 | Social Sciences | Transportation | 29 | 0.002091 | 0 | 0.630 | 1.063 | 401 |
269 | Physical Sciences | Applied Mathematics | 24 | 0.002087 | 0 | 0.472 | 1.672 | 4583 |
270 | Physical Sciences | Physical and Theoretical Chemistry | 23 | 0.002060 | 0 | 0.475 | 1.601 | 8536 |
271 | Life Sciences | Agronomy and Crop Science | 28 | 0.002058 | 0 | 0.580 | 1.669 | 2533 |
272 | Physical Sciences | Modeling and Simulation | 26 | 0.002047 | 0 | 0.540 | 1.726 | 2783 |
273 | Physical Sciences | Condensed Matter Physics | 23 | 0.002031 | 0 | 0.440 | 2.152 | 19,,991 |
274 | Health Sciences | Food Animals | 30 | 0.002018 | 0 | 0.624 | 2.229 | 290 |
275 | Physical Sciences | Analytical Chemistry | 26 | 0.002012 | 0 | 0.499 | 2.741 | 6997 |
276 | Physical Sciences | Algebra and Number Theory | 26 | 0.001991 | 0 | 0.526 | 2.520 | 420 |
277 | Physical Sciences | Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) | 26 | 0.001989 | 0.001181 | 0.605 | 0.623 | 5884 |
278 | Physical Sciences | Spectroscopy | 25 | 0.001988 | 0 | 0.492 | 3.082 | 4446 |
279 | Physical Sciences | Environmental Science (miscellaneous) | 32 | 0.001955 | 0.001868 | 0.646 | 0.970 | 2468 |
280 | Physical Sciences | Mathematics (miscellaneous) | 27 | 0.001946 | 0 | 0.523 | 1.219 | 1000 |
281 | Physical Sciences | Numerical Analysis | 27 | 0.001941 | 0 | 0.525 | 1.952 | 351 |
282 | Life Sciences | Animal Science and Zoology | 31 | 0.001940 | 0 | 0.630 | 1.160 | 1542 |
283 | Life Sciences | Food Science | 29 | 0.001939 | 0 | 0.554 | 1.783 | 3767 |
284 | Physical Sciences | Theoretical Computer Science | 29 | 0.001900 | 0.001214 | 0.573 | 0.796 | 1068 |
285 | Physical Sciences | Waste Management and Disposal | 30 | 0.001865 | 0 | 0.544 | 1.227 | 1971 |
286 | Physical Sciences | Organic Chemistry | 26 | 0.001859 | 0 | 0.461 | 1.513 | 6322 |
287 | Life Sciences | Drug Discovery | 27 | 0.001826 | 0 | 0.470 | 1.642 | 3543 |
288 | Physical Sciences | Surfaces and Interfaces | 27 | 0.001826 | 0 | 0.504 | 1.288 | 986 |
289 | Physical Sciences | Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics | 30 | 0.001825 | 0 | 0.585 | 1.490 | 196 |
290 | Physical Sciences | Environmental Engineering | 31 | 0.001823 | 0 | 0.562 | 1.494 | 2486 |
291 | Physical Sciences | Mathematical Physics | 30 | 0.001820 | 0 | 0.580 | 1.992 | 781 |
292 | Physical Sciences | Geometry and Topology | 29 | 0.001808 | 0 | 0.536 | 1.740 | 236 |
293 | Physical Sciences | Analysis | 29 | 0.001786 | 0 | 0.519 | 1.654 | 634 |
294 | Physical Sciences | Process Chemistry and Technology | 28 | 0.001744 | 0 | 0.467 | 3.407 | 2982 |
295 | Physical Sciences | Computer Science (miscellaneous) | 32 | 0.001731 | 0 | 0.559 | 1.162 | 2250 |
296 | Physical Sciences | Instrumentation | 29 | 0.001722 | 0 | 0.495 | 2.311 | 3916 |
297 | Physical Sciences | Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering | 31 | 0.001677 | 0 | 0.499 | 2.683 | 7033 |
298 | Health Sciences | Medicine (miscellaneous) | 37 | 0.001656 | 0.002036 | 0.663 | 0.668 | 25,871 |
299 | Physical Sciences | Engineering (miscellaneous) | 31 | 0.001597 | 0 | 0.486 | 1.449 | 5526 |
300 | Physical Sciences | Nuclear and High Energy Physics | 35 | 0.001587 | 0.00147 | 0.604 | 0.674 | 2397 |
Appendix 2
Scientific domains of Iran’s Scientific Efficiency Frontier for diversifying Iran’s research system based on 2015 data of SCImago. Iran has not revealed comparative advantages in these domains, but according to our three filters, these domains are relatively close to Iran’s capabilities and are more complex than what Iran produces now.
Row | Subject area | Domain | Ubiquity | Fitness | RCA | Opportunity gain | Distance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Health Sciences | Medical Laboratory Technology | 13 | 0.004929 | 0.997699 | 0.000563 | 0.712906 |
2 | Health Sciences | Community and Home Care | 16 | 0.004115 | 0.452922 | 0.001367 | 0.710302 |
3 | Social Sciences | Urban Studies | 18 | 0.003972 | 0.707314 | 0.001722 | 0.707808 |
4 | Physical Sciences | Media Technology | 15 | 0.003914 | 0.4536 | 0.0005 | 0.617431 |
5 | Health Sciences | Pharmacy | 18 | 0.003804 | 0.492722 | 0.001573 | 0.691602 |
6 | Life Sciences | Molecular Medicine | 15 | 0.0038 | 0.470059 | 0.000494 | 0.647 |
7 | Physical Sciences | Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition | 15 | 0.003689 | 0.413225 | 0.000623 | 0.63736 |
8 | Physical Sciences | Signal Processing | 15 | 0.003623 | 0.879454 | 0.000289 | 0.591694 |
9 | Social Sciences | Development (Social Sciences) | 19 | 0.003552 | 0.42119 | 0.001579 | 0.703602 |
10 | Social Sciences | Religious Studies | 18 | 0.0035 | 0.458144 | 0.001452 | 0.696389 |
11 | Physical Sciences | Human-Computer Interaction | 18 | 0.003435 | 0.692176 | 0.001443 | 0.676455 |
12 | Health Sciences | Emergency Nursing | 20 | 0.003387 | 0.031344 | 0.001752 | 0.716549 |
13 | Health Sciences | Ophthalmology | 18 | 0.003377 | 0.730365 | 0.001266 | 0.658404 |
14 | Physical Sciences | Software | 18 | 0.003368 | 0.892824 | 0.001195 | 0.648829 |
15 | Health Sciences | Pathology and Forensic Medicine | 20 | 0.003325 | 0.46296 | 0.001769 | 0.700541 |
16 | Physical Sciences | Hardware and Architecture | 17 | 0.003324 | 0.869116 | 0.000723 | 0.590489 |
17 | Health Sciences | Radiological and Ultrasound Technology | 20 | 0.003303 | 0.793308 | 0.001657 | 0.703281 |
18 | Physical Sciences | Ecological Modeling | 20 | 0.00329 | 0.537878 | 0.001728 | 0.700654 |
19 | Social Sciences | Library and Information Sciences | 20 | 0.003271 | 0.505282 | 0.001743 | 0.696212 |
20 | Physical Sciences | Information Systems | 18 | 0.003208 | 0.813197 | 0.000957 | 0.60826 |
21 | Physical Sciences | Computer Networks and Communications | 18 | 0.003178 | 0.664111 | 0.00085 | 0.587756 |
22 | Health Sciences | Otorhinolaryngology | 20 | 0.003136 | 0.624797 | 0.001545 | 0.680508 |
23 | Physical Sciences | Computational Theory and Mathematics | 19 | 0.003041 | 0.755343 | 0.001093 | 0.626998 |
24 | Social Sciences | Education | 23 | 0.003001 | 0.434885 | 0.00198 | 0.68832 |
25 | Life Sciences | Aquatic Science | 22 | 0.002959 | 0.657326 | 0.001927 | 0.70991 |
26 | Life Sciences | Aging | 23 | 0.002915 | 0.230063 | 0.002032 | 0.712624 |
27 | Social Sciences | Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 23 | 0.002878 | 0.470056 | 0.001726 | 0.660588 |
28 | Physical Sciences | Geology | 21 | 0.002813 | 0.974116 | 0.001362 | 0.65299 |
29 | Health Sciences | Hepatology | 23 | 0.002804 | 0.57177 | 0.001932 | 0.69767 |
30 | Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary | 22 | 0.002789 | 0.223754 | 0.001986 | 0.711662 |
31 | Physical Sciences | Statistical and Nonlinear Physics | 19 | 0.00276 | 0.940497 | 0.000807 | 0.626089 |
32 | Social Sciences | Business and International Management | 25 | 0.002749 | 0.567219 | 0.002204 | 0.70678 |
33 | Social Sciences | Archeology | 24 | 0.002743 | 0.139906 | 0.001897 | 0.695672 |
34 | Social Sciences | Classics (Arts) | 23 | 0.002701 | 0 | 0.002002 | 0.700666 |
35 | Health Sciences | Health Informatics | 25 | 0.002648 | 0.917264 | 0.001952 | 0.668989 |
36 | Social Sciences | Anthropology | 24 | 0.002634 | 0.014921 | 0.002083 | 0.711653 |
37 | Social Sciences | E-learning | 25 | 0.002632 | 0.073261 | 0.001877 | 0.672332 |
38 | Health Sciences | Biochemistry (medical) | 25 | 0.002626 | 0.77652 | 0.001962 | 0.684856 |
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Janavi, E., Mansourzadeh, M.J. & Samandar Ali Eshtehardi, M. A methodology for developing scientific diversification strategy of countries. Scientometrics 125, 2229–2264 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03685-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03685-1