Abstract
Biochar obtained from pyrolysis of biomass finds multiple applications in combating environmental problems. However, the quality and quantity of biochar depends closely on the synthesis conditions and nature of the feedstock. The present study investigates the efficacy of employing rice husk–derived biochar for dual application: as a solid fuel and as an adsorbent. This study employs a response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize experimental parameters, temperature, time and heating rate. RSM provides linear and interaction effect amongst variables for selected responses, fuel ratio and percentage of fluoride removal. The optimum conditions for experimental factors (temperature, time and heating rate) were found to be 500 °C, 55 min and 7 °C/min. At the optimum conditions, the fuel ratio and percentage of fluoride removal were found to be 2.44 and 79.2% respectively. Moreover, the percentage of biochar yield at optimum conditions was found to be 40.7%. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be applicable with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (Qm) of fluoride of 1.856 mg/g at 303 K. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated enhanced adsorption at lower temperature, and parameters such as change in free energy (ΔG) − 23.32 kJ mol−1, change in enthalpy (ΔH) 22.82 kJ mol−1 and change in entropy (ΔS) 0.15 kJ mol−1 K−1 indicate spontaneous nature of reaction. This study successfully converted biomass-derived biochar into a value-added product which could be used either as a solid fuel or as a potential adsorbent for effective removal of fluoride.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shukla N, Sahoo D, Remya N (2019) Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of rice husk for tertiary wastewater treatment and soil nourishment. J Clean Prod 235:1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.042
Abbas Q, Liu G, Yousaf B, Ali MU, Ullah H, Munir MAM, Liu R (2018) Contrasting effects of operating conditions and biomass particle size on bulk characteristics and surface chemistry of rice husk derived-biochars. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 134:281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.06.018
Collard FX, Blin J (2014) A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Renew Sust Energ Rev 38:594–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.013
Tripathi M, Sahu JN, Ganesan P (2016) Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 55:467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122
Angın D (2013) Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. Bioresour Technol 128:593–597
Yadav K, Tyagi M, Kumari S, Jagadevan S (2019) Influence of process parameters on optimization of biochar fuel characteristics derived from rice husk: a promising alternative solid fuel. Bioenergy Res 12:1052–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-10027-4
Yadav K, Jagadevan S (2019) Influence of process parameters on synthesis of biochar by pyrolysis of biomass: an alternative source of energy. In: Pyrolysis. IntechOpen, pp 1–14
Yavari S, Malakahmad A, Sapari NB, Yavari S (2017) Synthesis optimization of oil palm empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars for removal of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides. J Environ Manag 193:201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.035
Niazi NK, Bibi I, Shahid M, Ok YS, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Wang H, Murtaza B, Islam E, Farrakh Nawaz M, Lüttge A (2018) Arsenic removal by Japanese oak wood biochar in aqueous solutions and well water: investigating arsenic fate using integrated spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Sci Total Environ 621:1642–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.063
Zhang X, Gao B, Fang J, Zou W, Dong L, Cao C, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang H (2019) Chemically activated hydrochar as an effective adsorbent for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Chemosphere 218:680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.144
Li R, Zhang Y, Deng H et al (2020) Removing tetracycline and hg(II) with ball-milled magnetic nanobiochar and its potential on polluted irrigation water reclamation. J Hazard Mater 384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121095
Yousaf B, Liu G, Abbas Q, Ali MU, Wang R, Ahmed R, Wang C, al-Wabel MI, Usman ARA (2018) Operational control on environmental safety of potentially toxic elements during thermal conversion of metal-accumulator invasive ragweed to biochar. J Clean Prod 195:458–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.246
Kung C, Zhang N (2015) Renewable energy from pyrolysis using crops and agricultural residuals : an economic and environmental evaluation. Energy 90:1532–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.114
Gil MV, Riaza J, Álvarez L, Pevida C, Rubiera F (2015) Biomass devolatilization at high temperature under N2 and CO2: char morphology and reactivity. Energy 91:655–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.074
Mašek O, Brownsort P, Cross A, Sohi S (2013) Influence of production conditions on the yield and environmental stability of biochar. Fuel 103:151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.044
Menya E, Olupot PW, Storz H, Lubwama M, Kiros Y (2018) Production and performance of activated carbon from rice husks for removal of natural organic matter from water: a review. Chem Eng Res Des 129:271–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.008
Bhatnagar A, Kumar E, Sillanpaa M (2011) Fluoride removal from water by adsorption-a review. Chem Eng J 171:811–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.028
Susheela AK (1999) Fluorosis management programme in India. Curr Sci 77:1250–1256
Ayoob S, Gupta AK (2006) Fluoride in drinking water : a review on the status and stress effects fluoride in drinking water : a review
Yadav KK, Gupta N, Kumar V, Khan SA, Kumar A (2018) A review of emerging adsorbents and current demand for defluoridation of water : bright future in water sustainability. Environ Int 111:80–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.014
Meenakshi MRC (2006) Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. J Hazard Mater 137:456–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024
Kimambo V, Bhattacharya P, Mtalo F, Mtamba J, Ahmad A (2019) Fluoride occurrence in groundwater systems at global scale and status of defluoridation – state of the art. Groundw Sustain Dev 9:100223
Pongener C, Bhomick PC, Supong A, Baruah M, Sinha UB, Sinha D (2018) Adsorption of fluoride onto activated carbon synthesized from Manihot esculenta biomass - equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Environ Chem Eng 6:2382–2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.02.045
Millar GJ, Couperthwaite SJ, Dawes LA, Thompson S, Spencer J (2017) Activated alumina for the removal of fluoride ions from high alkalinity groundwater: new insights from equilibrium and column studies with multicomponent solutions. Sep Purif Technol 187:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.042
Ye C, Yan B, Ji X, Liao B, Gong R, Pei X, Liu G (2019) Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by fly ash cenospheres modified with paper mill lime mud: experimental and modeling. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 180:366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.086
Mohapatra M, Anand S, Mishra BK, Giles DE, Singh P (2009) Review of fluoride removal from drinking water. J Environ Manag 91:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.015
Miretzky P, Cirelli AF (2011) Fluoride removal from water by chitosan derivatives and composites: a review. J Fluor Chem 132:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.001
Araga R, Soni S, Sharma CS (2017) Fluoride adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon obtained from KOH-treated jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed. J Environ Chem Eng 5:5608–5616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.10.023
Meyer S, Glaser B, Quicker P (2011) Technical, economical and climate related aspects of biochar production technologies: a literature review. Environ Sci Technol 45:9473–9483. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201792c
Yadav AK, Abbassi R, Gupta A, Dadashzadeh M (2013) Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution and groundwater by wheat straw, sawdust and activated bagasse carbon of sugarcane. Ecol Eng 52:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.069
Siddique A, Nayak AK, Singh J (2020) Synthesis of FeCl3-activated carbon derived from waste Citrus limetta peels for removal of fluoride: an eco-friendly approach for the treatment of groundwater and bio-waste collectively. Groundw Sustain Dev 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100339
Mendoza-Castillo DI, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Silvestre-Albero J (2016) Synthesis of denim waste-based adsorbents and their application in water defluoridation. J Mol Liq 221:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.06.005
Goswami R, Kumar M (2018) Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution using nanoscale rice husk biochar. Groundw Sustain Dev 7:446–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.12.010
Kumar P, Saraswat C, Mishra BK, Avtar R, Patel H, Patel A, Sharma T, Patel R (2017) Batch technique to evaluate the efficiency of different natural adsorbents for defluoridation from groundwater. Appl Water Sci 7:2597–2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0473-5
Pillai P, Lakhtaria Y, Dharaskar S, Khalid M (2020) Synthesis, characterization, and application of iron oxyhydroxide coated with rice husk for fluoride removal from aqueous media. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:20606–20620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05948-8
Ali I, Asim M, Khan TA (2012) Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic polutants from waste water. Environ Manag 113:170–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.028
Isa KM, Daud S, Hamidin N, Ismail K, Saad SA, Kasim FH (2011) Thermogravimetric analysis and the optimisation of bio-oil yield from fixed-bed pyrolysis of rice husk using response surface methodology (RSM). Ind Crop Prod 33:481–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.024
Bezerra MA, Santelli RE, Oliveira EP, Villar LS, Escaleira LA (2008) Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 76:965–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
Tyagi M, Rana A, Kumari S, Jagadevan S (2018) Adsorptive removal of cyanide from coke oven wastewater onto zero-valent iron : optimization through response surface methodology, isotherm and kinetic studies. J Clean Prod 178:398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.016
Zhang C, Yang L, Rong F, Fu D, Gu Z (2012) Boron-doped diamond anodic oxidation of ethidium bromide: process optimization by response surface methodology. Electrochim Acta 64:100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.122
Lin L, Yan R, Liu Y, Jiang W (2010) In-depth investigation of enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass wastes based on three major components : cellulose , hemicellulose and lignin. Bioresour Technol 101:8217–8223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.084
Wu W, Li J, Niazi NK, Müller K, Chu Y, Zhang L, Yuan G, Lu K, Song Z, Wang H (2016) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on lead immobilization by chemically modified coconut fiber-derived biochars in aqueous environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:22890–22896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7428-0
Lata S, Prabhakar R, Adak A, Samadder SR (2019) As(V) removal using biochar produced from an agricultural waste and prediction of removal efficiency using multiple regression analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:32175–32188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06300-w
Tran HN, You SJ, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Chao HP (2017) Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Water Res 120:88–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.014
Kasperiski FM, Lima EC, Umpierres CS, dos Reis GS, Thue PS, Lima DR, Dias SLP, Saucier C, da Costa JB (2018) Production of porous activated carbons from Caesalpinia ferrea seed pod wastes: highly efficient removal of captopril from aqueous solutions. J Clean Prod 197:919–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.146
Behbahani M, Moghaddam MRA, Arami M (2011) Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: optimization through response surface methodology. Desalination 271:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.033
Kumar S, Masto RE, Ram LC, Sarkar P, George J, Selvi VA (2013) Biochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus and its potential use in soil application. Ecol Eng 55:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.02.011
Alkurdi SSA, Al-juboori RA, Bundschuh J, Bowtell L (2020) Effect of pyrolysis conditions on bone char characterization and its ability for arsenic and fluoride removal. Environ Pollut 114221:114221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114221
Devi P, Saroha AK (2015) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons toxicity and sorption behaviour of biochars prepared by pyrolysis of paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge. Bioresour Technol 192:312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.084
Wang L, Bolan NS, Tsang DCW, Hou D (2020) Green immobilization of toxic metals using alkaline enhanced rice husk biochar : effects of pyrolysis temperature and KOH concentration. Sci Total Environ 720:137584
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Dou X, Mohan D, Sung JK, Yang JE, Ok YS (2012) Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour Technol 118:536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042
Pariyar P, Kumari K, Jain MK, Jadhao PS (2020) Evaluation of change in biochar properties derived from different feedstock and pyrolysis temperature for environmental and agricultural application. Sci Total Environ 713:136433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136433
Ekka B, Dhaka RS, Patel RK, Dash P (2017) Fluoride removal in waters using ionic liquid-functionalized alumina as a novel adsorbent. J Clean Prod 151:303–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.061
Mor S, Chhoden K, Ravindra K (2016) Application of agro-waste rice husk ash for the removal of phosphate from the wastewater. J Clean Prod 129:673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.088
Ndi Nsami J, Ketcha Mbadcam J (2013) The adsorption efficiency of chemically prepared activated carbon from cola nut shells by ZnCl2 on methylene blue. J Chem 2013:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/469170
Mane VS, Mall ID, Srivastava VC (2007) Use of bagasse fly ash as an adsorbent for the removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solution. Dyes Pigments 73:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.12.006
Ramos RL, Ovalle-Turrubiartes J, Sanchez-Castillo MA (1999) Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution on aluminum-impregnated carbon. Carbon N Y 37:609–617
Mohan D, Sharma R, Singh VK, Steele P, Pittman CU Jr (2012) Fluoride removal from water using bio-char, a green waste, low-cost adsorbent: equilibrium uptake and sorption dynamics modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:900–914. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie202189v
Sinha S, Pandey K, Mohan D, Singh KP (2003) Removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions by Eichhornia crassipes biomass and its carbonized form. 6911–6918
Medellin-Castillo NA, Leyva-Ramos R, Padilla-Ortega E, Perez RO, Flores-Cano JV, Berber-Mendoza MS (2014) Adsorption capacity of bone char for removing fluoride from water solution. Role of hydroxyapatite content, adsorption mechanism and competing anions. J Ind Eng Chem 20:4014–4021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.105
Sarkar B, Xi Y, Megharaj M, Krishnamurti GSR, Naidu R (2010) Synthesis and characterisation of novel organopalygorskites for removal of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solution: isothermal studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 350:295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.030
Lyubchik SI, Lyubchik AI, Galushko OL, Tikhonova LP, Vital J, Fonseca IM, Lyubchik SB (2004) Kinetics and thermodynamics of the Cr(III) adsorption on the activated carbon from co-mingled wastes. Coll Surfac A Physicochem Eng Asp 242:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.04.066
Liu Y, Liu Y (2008) Biosorption isotherms , kinetics and thermodynamics. Sep Purif Technol 61:229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.10.002
Khan MA, Wook KS, Rao RAK et al (2010) Adsorption studies of dichloromethane on some commercially available GACs: effect of kinetics, thermodynamics and competitive ions. J Hazard Mater 178:963–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.032
Akafu T, Chimdi A, Gomoro K (2019) Removal of fluoride from drinking water by sorption using diatomite modified with aluminum hydroxide. J Anal Methods Chem 2019:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4831926
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, for rendering the experimental facilities.
Funding
This research was financially supported by FRS Scheme of IIT(ISM) (Ref No. FRS/86/2014-2015/ESE) and PhD studentship for K.Y.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
ESM 1
(DOCX 614 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yadav, K., Jagadevan, S. Effect of Pyrolysis of Rice Husk–Derived Biochar on the Fuel Characteristics and Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution. Bioenerg. Res. 14, 964–977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10189-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10189-6