Abstract
The economic value of bioethylene produced from bioethanol dehydration is remarkable due to its extensive usage in the petrochemical industry. Bioethylene is produced through several routes, such as steam cracking of hydrocarbons from fossil fuel and dehydration of bioethanol, which can be produced through fermentation processes using renewable substrates such as glucose and starch. The rise in oil prices, environmental issues due to toxic emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuel and depletion of fossil fuel resources have led a demand for an alternative pathway to produce green ethylene. One of the abundant alternative renewable sources for bioethanol production is biomass. Bioethanol produced from biomass is alleged to be a competitive alternative to bioethylene production as it is environmentally friendly and economical. In recent years, many studies have investigated catalysts and new reaction engineering pathways to enhance the bioethylene yield and to lower reaction temperature to drive the technology toward economic feasibility and practicality. This paper critically reviews bioethylene production from bioethanol in the presence of different catalysts, reaction conditions and reactor technologies to achieve a higher yield and selectivity of ethylene. Techno-economic and environmental assessments are performed to further development and commercialization. Finally, key issues and perspectives that require utmost attention to facilitate global penetration of technology are highlighted.
- Nomenclature
- BTU
-
British Thermal Unit
- CaO
-
calcium oxide
- C2H5OH
-
ethanol
- C2H4
-
ethylene
- C2H5OC2H5
-
diethyl ether
- Co3O4
-
cobalt tetraoxide
- DTPA
-
dodecatungestophosphoric acid
- EIA
-
Energy Information Administration
- GJ
-
Gigajoule
- LPG
-
liquefied petroleum gas
- MT
-
metric tonne
- OECD
-
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
- Mn2O3
-
Manganese(III) oxide
- Na2O
-
Sodium oxide
- NiSAPO-34
-
Nickle silicoaluminophosphate zeolite-34
- SAPO-34
-
Silicoaluminophosphate zeolite-34
- TiO2
-
Titanium dioxide
- ZnO
-
Zinc oxide
- ZSM-5
-
Zeolite Socony Mobil–5
- γ-Al2O3
-
Gamma alumina
- γ-AlO(OH)
-
Boehmite
- α-Al(OH)3
-
Bayerite
- γ-Al(OH)3
-
Gibbsite
-
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Ahmad, R., Ahmad, Z., Khan, A.U., Mastoi, N.R., Aslam, M., and Kim, J. (2016). Photocatalytic systems as an advanced environmental remediation: recent developments, limitations and new avenues for applications. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4: 4143–4164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.09.009.Search in Google Scholar
Ahmad, R., Aslam, M., Park, E., Chang, S., Kwon, D., and Kim, J. (2018). Submerged low-cost pyrophyllite ceramic membrane filtration combined with GAC as fluidized particles for industrial wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 206: 784–792, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Al-Muhtaseb, A., Jamil, F., Myint, M.T.Z., Baawain, M., Al-Abri, M., Dung, T.N.B., Kumar, G., and Ahmad, M.N.M. (2017). Cleaner fuel production from waste Phoenix dactylifera L. kernel oil in the presence of a bimetallic catalyst: optimization and kinetics study. Energy Convers. Manag. 146: 195–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.05.035.Search in Google Scholar
Al-Shammari, A.A., Ali, S.A., Al-Yassir, N., Aitani, A.M., Ogunronbi, K.E., Al-Majnouni, K.A., and Al-Khattaf, S.S. (2014). Catalytic cracking of heavy naphtha-range hydrocarbons over different zeolites structures. Fuel Process Technol. 122: 12–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.021.Search in Google Scholar
Alfonsín, V., Maceiras, R., and Gutiérrez, C. (2019). Bioethanol production from industrial algae waste. Waste Manag. 87: 791–797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Anna, W., Beata, G., Dorota, R., Katarzyna, P., Waldemar, M., Henryk, W., Aleksandra, P., Anetta, W., Anna, O., Justyna, S., et al. (2018). Vapourised hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and ethylene oxide (EtO) methods for disinfecting historical cotton textiles from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 133: 42–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.05.016.Search in Google Scholar
Anonymous (2011a). International energy outlook.Search in Google Scholar
Anonymous (2011b). World energy outlook.Search in Google Scholar
Anonymous (2012). OECD SIDS initial assesment profile -ethylene.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., McCarty, P.L., Bae, J., and Kim, J. (2014). The effect of fluidized media characteristics on membrane fouling and energy consumption in anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactors. Separ. Purif. Technol. 132: 10–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.049.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., Lee, P.-H., and Kim, J. (2015). Analysis of membrane fouling with porous membrane filters by microbial suspensions for autotrophic nitrogen transformations. Separ. Purif. Technol. 146: 284–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.03.042.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., Charfi, A., Lesage, G., Heran, M., and Kim, J. (2017a). Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: a review of mechanical cleaning by scouring agents to control membrane fouling. Chem. Eng. J. 307: 897–913, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.144.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., McCarty, P.L., Shin, C., Bae, J., and Kim, J. (2017b). Low energy single-staged anaerobic fluidized bed ceramic membrane bioreactor (AFCMBR) for wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 240: 33–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Aslam, M., Ahmad, R., and Kim, J. (2018a). Recent developments in biofouling control in membrane bioreactors for domestic wastewater treatment. Separ. Purif. Technol. 206: 297–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.06.004.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., Ahmad, R., Yasin, M., Khan, A.L., Shahid, M.K., Hossain, S., Khan, Z., Jamil, F., Rafiq, S., and Bilad, M.R. (2018b). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for biohydrogen production: recent developments, challenges and perspectives. Bioresour. Technol. 269: 452–464, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.050.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., Yang, P., Lee, P.-H., and Kim, J. (2018c). Novel staged anaerobic fluidized bed ceramic membrane bioreactor: energy reduction, fouling control and microbial characterization. J. Membr. Sci. 553: 200–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.02.038.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M., Charfi, A., and Kim, J. (2019). Membrane scouring to control fouling under fluidization of non-adsorbing media for wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 26: 1061–1071, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8527-2.Search in Google Scholar
Aslam, M. and Kim, J. (2019). Investigating membrane fouling associated with GAC fluidization on membrane with effluent from anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 26: 1170–1180, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9815-6.Search in Google Scholar
Atabani, A., Ala’a, H., Kumar, G., Saratale, G.D., Aslam, M., Khan, H.A., Said, Z., and Mahmoud, E. (2019a). Valorization of spent coffee grounds into biofuels and value-added products: pathway towards integrated bio-refinery. Fuel 254: 115640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115640.Search in Google Scholar
Atabani, A., Shobana, S., Mohammed, M., Uğuz, G., Kumar, G., Arvindnarayan, S., Aslam, M., and Ala’a, H. (2019b). Integrated valorization of waste cooking oil and spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production: blending with higher alcohols, FT–IR, TGA, DSC and NMR characterizations. Fuel 244: 419–430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.169.Search in Google Scholar
Avilés Martínez, A., Saucedo-Luna, J., Segovia-Hernandez, J.G., Hernandez, S., Gomez-Castro, F.I., and Castro-Montoya, A.J. (2011). Dehydration of bioethanol by hybrid process liquid–liquid extraction/extractive distillation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51: 5847–5855, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie200932g.Search in Google Scholar
Barbarossa, V., Viscardi, R., Maestri, G., Maggi, R., Mirabile Gattia, D., and Paris, E. (2019). Sulfonated catalysts for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME). Mater. Res. Bull. 113: 64–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2019.01.018.Search in Google Scholar
Bastianoni, S. and Marchettini, N. (1996). Ethanol production from biomass: analysis of process efficiency and sustainability. Biomass Bioenergy 11: 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(96)00037-2.Search in Google Scholar
Becerra-Ruiz, J.D., Gonzalez-Huerta, R.G., Gracida, J., Amaro-Reyes, A., and Macias-Bobadilla, G. (2019). Using green-hydrogen and bioethanol fuels in internal combustion engines to reduce emissions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.211.Search in Google Scholar
Becerra, J., Quiroga, E., Tello, E., Figueredo, M., and Cobo, M. (2018). Kinetic modeling of polymer-grade ethylene production by diluted ethanol dehydration over H-ZSM-5 for industrial design. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6: 6165–6174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.035.Search in Google Scholar
Bi, J., Guo, X., Liu, M., and Wang, X. (2010). High effective dehydration of bio-ethanol into ethylene over nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. Catal. Today 149: 143–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.04.016.Search in Google Scholar
Bian, W.S.H.Z. (2012). The ethylene process technology. China: China Petrochemical Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bokade, V.V. and Yadav, G.D. (2011). Heteropolyacid supported on montmorillonite catalyst for dehydration of dilute bio-ethanol. Appl. Clay Sci. 53: 263–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.03.006.Search in Google Scholar
Boopathy, R., Rene, E.R., López, M.E., Annachhatre, A.P., and Lens, P.N.L. (2017). Special issue on environmental biotechnologies for sustainable development. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 119: 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.03.007.Search in Google Scholar
Brey, W.S. and Krieger, K.A. (1949). The surface area and catalytic activity of aluminum oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71: 3637–3641, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01179a016.Search in Google Scholar
Broeren, M. (2013). Production of bio-ethylene technology brief. IEA-ETSAP IRENA, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-2933.Search in Google Scholar
Cai, B.-Y., Ge, J.-P., Ling, H.-Z., Cheng, K.-K., and Ping, W.-X. (2012). Statistical optimization of dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corncob for xylose recovery and ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 36: 250–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.023.Search in Google Scholar
Cambero, C. and Sowlati, T. (2014). Assessment and optimization of forest biomass supply chains from economic, social and environmental perspectives – a review of literature. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 36: 62–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.041.Search in Google Scholar
Carrillo-Nieves, D., Rostro Alanís, M.J., de la Cruz Quiroz, R., Ruiz, H.A., Iqbal, H.M.N., and Parra-Saldívar, R. (2019). Current status and future trends of bioethanol production from agro-industrial wastes in Mexico. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 102: 63–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.031.Search in Google Scholar
Cesteros, Y., Salagre, P., Medina, F., and Sueiras, J.E. (1998). Several factors affecting faster rates of gibbsite formation. Chem. Mater. 11: 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm980527z.Search in Google Scholar
Charfi, A., Aslam, M., Lesage, G., Heran, M., and Kim, J. (2017a). Macroscopic approach to develop fouling model under GAC fluidization in anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49: 219–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.01.030.Search in Google Scholar
Charfi, A., Thongmak, N., Benyahia, B., Aslam, M., Harmand, J., Amar, N.B., Lesage, G., Sridang, P., Kim, J., and Heran, M. (2017b). A modelling approach to study the fouling of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for industrial wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 245: 207–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Charfi, A., Aslam, M., and Kim, J. (2018a). Modelling approach to better control biofouling in fluidized bed membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 191: 136–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.135.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Charfi, A., Park, E., Aslam, M., and Kim, J. (2018b). Particle-sparged anaerobic membrane bioreactor with fluidized polyethylene terephthalate beads for domestic wastewater treatment: modelling approach and fouling control. Bioresour. Technol. 258: 263–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.093.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chawla, M., Rafiq, S., Jamil, F., Usman, M.R., Khurram, S., Ghauri, M., Muhammad, N., Ala’a, H., and Aslam, M. (2018). Hydrocarbons fuel upgradation in the presence of modified bi-functional catalyst. J. Clean. Prod. 198: 683–692, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.286.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, G., Li, S., Jiao, F., and Yuan, Q. (2007a). Catalytic dehydration of bioethanol to ethylene over TiO2/γ-Al2O3 catalysts in microchannel reactors. Catal. Today 125: 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.01.071.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, M., Xia, L., and Xue, P. (2007b). Enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob and ethanol production from cellulosic hydrolysate. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 59: 85–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.07.011.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Wu, Y., Tao, L., Dai, B., Yang, M., Chen, Z., and Zhu, X. (2010). Dehydration reaction of bio-ethanol to ethylene over modified SAPO catalysts. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 16: 717–722, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2010.07.013.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, KC (2011). Synthesis of gas production from glycerol steam reforming over alumina supported bimetallic Co–Ni catalyst. The University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.Search in Google Scholar
Chiang, H. and Bhan, A. (2010). Catalytic consequences of hydroxyl group location on the rate and mechanism of parallel dehydration reactions of ethanol over acidic zeolites. J. Catal. 271: 251–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2010.01.021.Search in Google Scholar
Chiang, H. (2012). Probe reactions of alcohols and alkanes for understanding catalytic properties of micrporous materials and almuina oxide solid acid catalysts: University of Minnesots, Minneapolis.Search in Google Scholar
Chmielarz, L., Kowalczyk, A., Skoczek, M., Rutkowska, M., Gil, B., Natkański, P., Radko, M., Motak, M., Dębek, R., and Ryczkowski, J. (2018). Porous clay heterostructures intercalated with multicomponent pillars as catalysts for dehydration of alcohols. Appl. Clay Sci. 160: 116–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.015.Search in Google Scholar
Compagnoni, M., Tripodi, A., and Rossetti, I. (2017). Parametric study and kinetic testing for ethanol steam reforming. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 203: 899–909, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.11.002.Search in Google Scholar
Costa, E., Uguina, A., Aguado, J., and Hernandez, P.J. (1985). Ethanol to gasoline process: effect of variables, mechanism, and kinetics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 24: 239–244, https://doi.org/10.1021/i200029a003.Search in Google Scholar
Das, S.P., Gupta, A., Das, D., and Goyal, A. (2016). Enhanced bioethanol production from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) by statistical optimization of fermentation process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array design. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 109: 174–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.01.008.Search in Google Scholar
Dasgupta, S. and Török, B. (2008). Application of clay catalysts in organic synthesis. a review. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 40: 1–65, https://doi.org/10.1080/00304940809356640.Search in Google Scholar
de Oliveira, T.K.R., Rosset, M., and Perez-Lopez, O.W. (2018). Ethanol dehydration to diethyl ether over Cu–Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts. Catal. Commun. 104: 32–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2017.10.013.Search in Google Scholar
Derman, E., Abdulla, R., Marbawi, H., and Sabullah, M.K. (2018). Oil palm empty fruit bunches as a promising feedstock for bioethanol production in Malaysia. Renew. Energy 129: 285–298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.003.Search in Google Scholar
DeWilde, J.F., Chiang, H., Hickman, D.A., Ho, C.R., and Bhan, A. (2013). Kinetics and mechanism of ethanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3: the critical role of dimer inhibition. ACS Catal. 3: 798–807, https://doi.org/10.1021/cs400051k.Search in Google Scholar
Díaz Alvarado, F. and Gracia, F. (2010). Steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production: thermodynamic analysis including different carbon deposits representation. Chem. Eng. J. 165: 649–657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.051.Search in Google Scholar
Dincer, I. and Zamfirescu, C. (2014). Chapter 3: fossil fuels and alternatives. In: Dincer, I. and Zamfirescu, C. (Eds.), Advanced power generation systems. Elsevier, Boston, pp. 95–141.10.1016/B978-0-12-383860-5.00003-1Search in Google Scholar
Divate, R., Menon, V., and Rao, M. (2013). Approach towards biocatalytic valorisation of barley β-glucan for bioethanol production using 1,3-1,4 β-glucanase and thermotolerant yeast. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 82: 81–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.002.Search in Google Scholar
Doheim, M.M. and El-Shobaky, H.G. (2002). Catalytic conversion of ethanol and iso-propanol over ZnO-treated Co3O4/Al2O3 solids. Colloid. Surface. Physicochem. Eng. Aspect. 204: 169–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(01)01128-1.Search in Google Scholar
Doheim, M.M., Hanafy, S.A., and El-Shobaky, G.A. (2002). Catalytic conversion of ethanol and isopropanol over the Mn2O3/Al2O3 system doped with Na2O. Mater. Lett. 55: 304–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00383-x.Search in Google Scholar
Dömök, M., Tóth, M., Raskó, J., and Erdőhelyi, A. (2007). Adsorption and reactions of ethanol and ethanol–water mixture on alumina-supported Pt catalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 69: 262–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.06.001.Search in Google Scholar
e Silva, J.O.V., Almeida, M.F., da Conceição Alvim-Ferraz, M., and Dias, J.M. (2018). Integrated production of biodiesel and bioethanol from sweet potato. Renew. Energy 124: 114–120.10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.052Search in Google Scholar
Elias, K.F.M., Lucrédio, A.F., and Assaf, E.M. (2013). Effect of CaO addition on acid properties of Ni–Ca/Al2O3 catalysts applied to ethanol steam reforming. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38: 4407–4417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.162.Search in Google Scholar
Eliseus, A., Bilad, M., Nordin, N., Khan, A.L., Putra, Z., Wirzal, M., Aslam, M., Aqsha, A., and Jaafar, J. (2018). Two-way switch: maximizing productivity of tilted panel in membrane bioreactor. J. Environ. Manag. 228: 529–537, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., and Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 39: 748–764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113.Search in Google Scholar
Engelder, C.J. (1916). Studies in contact catalysis. J. Phys. Chem. 21: 676–704. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150179a004.Search in Google Scholar
Erakhrumen, A.A. (2014). Growing pertinence of bioenergy in formal/informal global energy schemes: necessity for optimising awareness strategies and increased investments in renewable energy technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 31: 305–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.034.Search in Google Scholar
Esty, D.C. and Winston, A.S. (2008). Green to gold: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New Jersey.Search in Google Scholar
Fan, D., Dai, D.-J., and Wu, H.-S. (2012). Ethylene formation by catalytic dehydration of ethanol with industrial considerations. Materials 6: 101–115, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6010101.Search in Google Scholar
Fazal, T., ur Rehman, M.S., Mushtaq, A., Hafeez, A., Javed, F., Aslam, M., Fatima, M., Faisal, A., Iqbal, J., and Rehman, F. (2019). Simultaneous production of bioelectricity and biogas from chicken droppings and dairy industry wastewater employing bioelectrochemical system. Fuel 256: 115902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115902.Search in Google Scholar
Fornell, R., Berntsson, T., and Åsblad, A. (2012). Process integration study of a kraft pulp mill converted to an ethanol production plant – part B: techno-economic analysis. Appl. Therm. Eng. 42: 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.02.043.Search in Google Scholar
Foster, G. (2019). Low-carbon futures for bioethylene in the United States. Energies 12: 1958, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101958.Search in Google Scholar
Galvita, V.V., Semin, G.L., Belyaev, V.D., Semikolenov, V.A., Tsiakaras, P., and Sobyanin, V.A. (2001). Synthesis gas production by steam reforming of ethanol. Appl. Catal. Gen. 220: 123–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00708-6.Search in Google Scholar
Garbarino, G., Riani, P., Villa García, M., Finocchio, E., Sanchez Escribano, V., and Busca, G. (2020). A study of ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde over copper/zinc aluminate catalysts. Catal. Today 354: 167–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.002.Search in Google Scholar
Ghauri, M., Bokhari, A., Aslam, M., and Tufail, M. (2011). Biogas reactor design for dry process and generation of electricity on sustainable basis. December 6: 414–417.Search in Google Scholar
Gil, A., Korilli, S.A., Trujillano, R., and Vicente, M.A. (2010). Pillared clays and related catalysts. Springer-Verlag, New York.10.1007/978-1-4419-6670-4Search in Google Scholar
Gil, A., Korili, S.A., Trujillano, R., and Vicente, M.A. (2011). A review on characterization of pillared clays by specific techniques. Appl. Clay Sci. 53: 97–105,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.018.Search in Google Scholar
Golay, S., Kiwi-Minsker, L., Doepper, R., and Renken, A. (1999). Influence of the catalyst acid/base properties on the catalytic ethanol dehydration under steady state and dynamic conditions. In situ surface and gas-phase analysis. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54: 3593–3598, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00521-1.Search in Google Scholar
Haro, P., Ollero, P., Villanueva Perales, A.L., and Reyes Valle, C. (2012). Technoeconomic assessment of lignocellulosic ethanol production via DME (dimethyl ether) hydrocarbonylation. Energy 44: 891–901, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.004.Search in Google Scholar
Haro, P., Ollero, P., and Trippe, F. (2013a). Technoeconomic assessment of potential processes for bio-ethylene production. Fuel Process. Technol. 114: 35–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.024.Search in Google Scholar
Haro, P., Trippe, F., Stahl, R., and Henrich, E. (2013b). Bio-syngas to gasoline and olefins via DME – a comprehensive techno-economic assessment. Appl. Energy 108: 54–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.015.Search in Google Scholar
Hellier, P., Jamil, F., Zaglis-Tyraskis, E., Al-Muhtaseb, A., Al Haj, L., and Ladommatos, N. (2019). Combustion and emissions characteristics of date pit methyl ester in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Fuel 243: 162–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.022.Search in Google Scholar
Henne, A.L. and Matuszak, A.H. (1944). The dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 1649–1652, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a012.Search in Google Scholar
Hoda, S., Morteza, S., and Cavus, F. (2013). Synthesis of some baria-modified gamma alumina for methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether. Res. J. Chem. Sci. 3: 57–62.Search in Google Scholar
Hosseini, S.E. and Wahid, M.A. (2014). Utilization of palm solid residue as a source of renewable and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 40: 621–632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.214.Search in Google Scholar
Hosseininejad, A.S.S. (2010). Catalytic and kinetic study of methanol dehydration to diemethylether. University of Alberta, Canada.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, C., Jeuck, B., Du, J., Yong, Q., Chang, H.M., Jameel, H., and Phillips, R. (2016). Novel process for the coproduction of xylo-oligosaccharides, fermentable sugars, and lignosulfonates from hardwood. Bioresour. Technol. 219: 600–607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Huang, C., He, J., Narron, R., Wang, Y., and Yong, Q. (2017). Characterization of kraft lignin fractions obtained by sequential ultrafiltration and their potential application as a biobased component in blends with polyethylene. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5: 11770–11779, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03415.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, C., Ma, J., Liang, C., Li, X., and Yong, Q. (2018). Influence of sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water pretreatment on the physicochemical properties and enzymatic digestibility of bamboo residues. Bioresour. Technol. 263: 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.104.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Huang, C., Lin, W., Lai, C., Li, X., Jin, Y., and Yong, Q. (2019a). Coupling the post-extraction process to remove residual lignin and alter the recalcitrant structures for improving the enzymatic digestibility of acid-pretreated bamboo residues. Bioresour. Technol. 285: 121355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121355.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Huang, C., Wang, X., Liang, C., Jiang, X., Yang, G., Xu, J., and Yong, Q. (2019b). A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate. Biotechnol. Biofuels 12: 189, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1527-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., and Corma, A. (2006). Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106: 4044–4098, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068360d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jacquet, N., Vanderghem, C., Blecker, C., Malumba, P., Delvigne, F., and Paquot, M. (2012). Improvement of the cellulose hydrolysis yields and hydrolysate concentration by management of enzymes and substrate input. Cerevisia 37: 82–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cervis.2012.10.002.Search in Google Scholar
Jae, J., Tompsett, G.A., Foster, A.J., Hammond, K.D., Auerbach, S.M., Lobo, R.F., and Huber, G.W. (2011). Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysts for biomass conversion. J. Catal. 279: 257–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.019.Search in Google Scholar
Jambo, S.A., Abdulla, R., Mohd Azhar, S.H., Marbawi, H., Gansau, J.A., and Ravindra, P. (2016). A review on third generation bioethanol feedstock. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 65: 756–769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.064.Search in Google Scholar
Jambo, S.A., Abdulla, R., Marbawi, H., and Gansau, J.A. (2019). Response surface optimization of bioethanol production from third generation feedstock – eucheuma cottonii. Renew. Energy 132: 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.133.Search in Google Scholar
Jamil, F., Al-Muhtaseb, A, Al-Haj, L., Al-Hinai, M.A., Hellier, P., and Rashid, U. (2016). Optimization of oil extraction from waste “Date pits” for biodiesel production. Energy Convers. Manag. 117: 264–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.025.Search in Google Scholar
Jamil, F., Saxena, S.K., Al-Muhtaseb, A., Baawain, M., Al-Abri, M., Viswanadham, N., Kumar, G., and Abu-ai, A.M.Jr (2017). Valorization of waste “date seeds” bio-glycerol for synthesizing oxidative green fuel additive. J. Clean. Prod. 165: 1090–1096, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.216.Search in Google Scholar
Jamil, F., Al-Haj, L., Al-Muhtaseb Ala’a, H., Al-Hinai Mohab, A., Baawain, M., Rashid, U., and Ahmad Mohammad, N.M. (2018a). Current scenario of catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review. Rev. Chem. Eng. 34: 267–297, https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0026.Search in Google Scholar
Jamil, F., Al-Muhtaseb, A., Myint, M.T.Z., Al-Hinai, M., Al-Haj, L., Baawain, M., Al-Abri, M., Kumar, G., and Atabani, A.E. (2018b). Biodiesel production by valorizing waste Phoenix dactylifera L. Kernel oil in the presence of synthesized heterogeneous metallic oxide catalyst (Mn@MgO-ZrO2). Energy Convers. Manag. 155: 128–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.064.Search in Google Scholar
Janik, M.J., Macht, J., Iglesia, E., and Neurock, M. (2009). Correlating acid properties and catalytic function: a first-principles analysis of alcohol dehydration pathways on polyoxometalates. J. Phys. Chem. C 113: 1872–1885, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8078748.Search in Google Scholar
Javed, F., Aslam, M., Rashid, N., Shamair, Z., Khan, A.L., Yasin, M., Fazal, T., Hafeez, A., Rehman, F., and Rehman, M.S.U. (2019). Microalgae-based biofuels, resource recovery and wastewater treatment: a pathway towards sustainable biorefinery. Fuel 255: 115826, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115826.Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, D., Hao, M., Fu, J., Liu, K., and Yan, X. (2019). Potential bioethanol production from sweet sorghum on marginal land in China. J. Clean. Prod. 220: 225–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.294.Search in Google Scholar
Kaenchan, P., Puttanapong, N., Bowonthumrongchai, T., Limskul, K., and Gheewala, S.H. (2019). Macroeconomic modeling for assessing sustainability of bioethanol production in Thailand. Energy Pol. 127: 361–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.026.Search in Google Scholar
Kagyrmanova, A.P., Chumachenko, V.A., Korotkikh, V.N., Kashkin, V.N., and Noskov, A.S. (2011). Catalytic dehydration of bioethanol to ethylene: pilot-scale studies and process simulation. Chem. Eng. J. 176–177: 188–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.06.049.Search in Google Scholar
Karvonen, M. and Klemola, K. (2019). Identifying bioethanol technology generations from the patent data. World Patent Inf. 57: 25–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2019.03.004.Search in Google Scholar
Kazi, F.K., Fortman, J.A., Anex, R.P., Hsu, D.D., Aden, A., Dutta, A., and Kothandaraman, G. (2010). Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover. Fuel 89: S20–S28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.001.Search in Google Scholar
Khalid, A., Aslam, M., Qyyum, M.A., Faisal, A., Khan, A.L., Ahmed, F., Lee, M., Kim, J., Jang, N., Chang, I.S., Bazmi, A.A., and Yasin, M. (2019). Membrane separation processes for dehydration of bioethanol from fermentation broths: recent developments, challenges, and prospects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 105: 427–443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.002.Search in Google Scholar
Khan, Z., Yusup, S., Aslam, M., Inayat, A., Shahbaz, M., Naqvi, S.R., Farooq, R., and Watson, I. (2019). NO and SO2 emissions in palm kernel shell catalytic steam gasification with in-situ CO2 adsorption for hydrogen production in a pilot-scale fluidized bed gasification system. J. Clean. Prod. 236: 117636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117636.Search in Google Scholar
Khuong, L.D., Kondo, R., De Leon, R., Kim Anh, T., Shimizu, K., and Kamei, I. (2014). Bioethanol production from alkaline-pretreated sugarcane bagasse by consolidated bioprocessing using Phlebia sp. MG-60. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 88: 62–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.12.008.Search in Google Scholar
Knözinger, H., Bühl, H., and Kochloefl, K. (1972). The dehydration of alcohols on alumina: XIV. Reactivity and mechanism. J. Catal. 24: 57–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(72)90007-3.Search in Google Scholar
Kochar, N.K., Merims, R., and Padia, A.S. (1981). Ethylene from ethanol. Chem. Eng. Prog. 77: 66–70.Search in Google Scholar
Krokidis, X., Raybaud, P., Gobichon, A.-E., Rebours, B., Euzen, P., and Toulhoat, H. (2001). Theoretical study of the dehydration process of boehmite to γ-alumina. J. Phys. Chem. B 105: 5121–5130, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0038310.Search in Google Scholar
Kupiec, K., Rakoczy, J., Komorowicz, T., and Larwa, B. (2014). Heat and mass transfer in adsorption–desorption cyclic process for ethanol dehydration. Chem. Eng. J. 241: 485–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.043.Search in Google Scholar
Kuznecova, I., Babica, V., Melecis, V., Baranenko, D., Ozarskis, M., and Gusca, J. (2018). Initial indicator analysis of bioethylen production pathways. Energy Procedia 147: 544–548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.069.Search in Google Scholar
Le Van Mao, R., Levesque, P., McLaughlin, G., and Dao, L.H. (1987). Ethylene from ethanol over zeolite catalysts. Appl. Catal. 34: 163–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82453-7.Search in Google Scholar
Le Van Mao, R., Nguyen, T.M., and McLaughlin, G.P. (1989). The bioethanol-to-ethylene (B.E.T.E.) process. Appl. Catal. 48: 265–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82798-0.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, S. and Shah, Y.T. (2013a). Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and Technologies. CRC Press: Taylor & Francis Group, United States.10.1201/b12510Search in Google Scholar
Lee, S. and Shah, Y.T. (2013b). Biofuels and bioenergy: processes and technologies. CRC Press, United States.10.1201/b12510Search in Google Scholar
Lertsriwong, S., Comwien, J., Chulalaksananukul, W., and Glinwong, C. (2017). Isolation and identification of anaerobic bacteria from coconut wastewater factory for ethanol, butanol and 2,3 butanediol production. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 119: 461–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.11.020.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, H.-E. and Ko, A.-N. (2000). Alcohol dehydrations over ZSM-5 Type zeolites, montmorillonite clays and pillared montmorillonites. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 47: 509–518, https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200000068.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, W., Chen, D., Yong, Q., Huang, C., and Huang, S. (2019). Improving enzymatic hydrolysis of acid-pretreated bamboo residues using amphiphilic surfactant derived from dehydroabietic acid. Bioresour. Technol. 293: 122055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122055.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lloyd, L. (2011). Petrochemical catalysts. In: Handbook of industrial catalysts. Fundamental and applied catalysis. Springer, US, pp. 261–310.10.1007/978-0-387-49962-8_7Search in Google Scholar
Maaz, M., Yasin, M., Aslam, M., Kumar, G., Atabani, A., Idrees, M., Anjum, F., Jamil, F., Ahmad, R., and Khan, A.L. (2019). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: novel configurations, fouling control and energy considerations. Bioresour. Technol. 283: 358–372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.061.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mahmoud, E. and Lobo, R.F. (2014). Recent advances in zeolite science based on advance characterization techniques. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 189: 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.10.024.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Patiño, J.C., Ruiz, E., Cara, C., Romero, I., and Castro, E. (2018). Advanced bioethanol production from olive tree biomass using different bioconversion schemes. Biochem. Eng. J. 137: 172–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.002.Search in Google Scholar
Martins, L., Cardoso, D., Hammer, P., Garetto, T., Pulcinelli, S.H., and Santilli, C.V. (2011). Efficiency of ethanol conversion induced by controlled modification of pore structure and acidic properties of alumina catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen. 398: 59–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.014.Search in Google Scholar
Matachowski, L., Drelinkiewicz, A., Lalik, E., Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk, M., Mucha, D., and Kryściak-Czerwenka, J. (2014). Efficient dehydration of ethanol on the self-organized surface layer of H3PW12O40 formed in the acidic potassium tungstophosphates. Appl. Catal. Gen. 469: 290–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.10.009.Search in Google Scholar
Millati, R., Cahyono, R.B., Ariyanto, T., Azzahrani, I.N., Putri, R.U., and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2019). Chapter 1: agricultural, industrial, municipal, and forest wastes: an overview. In: Taherzadeh, M.J., Bolton, K., Wong, J., and Pandey, A. (Eds.), Sustainable resource recovery and zero waste approaches. Elsevier, Netherlands, pp. 1–22.Search in Google Scholar
Min, D.-Y., Xu, R.-S., Hou, Z., Lv, J.-Q., Huang, C.-X., Jin, Y.-C., and Yong, Q. (2015). Minimizing inhibitors during pretreatment while maximizing sugar production in enzymatic hydrolysis through a two-stage hydrothermal pretreatment. Cellulose 22: 1253–1261, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0552-z.Search in Google Scholar
Mohapatra, S., Mishra, C., Behera, S.S., and Thatoi, H. (2017). Application of pretreatment, fermentation and molecular techniques for enhancing bioethanol production from grass biomass – a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 78: 1007–1032, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.026.Search in Google Scholar
Mohsenzadeh, A., Zamani, A., and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2017). Bioethylene production from ethanol: a review and techno-economical evaluation. Chem. BioEng. Reviews 4: 75–91, https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201600025.Search in Google Scholar
Moronta, A., Oberto, T., Carruyo, G., Solano, R., Sánchez, J., González, E., and Huerta, L. (2008). Isomerization of 1-butene catalyzed by ion-exchanged, pillared and ion-exchanged/pillared clays. Appl. Catal. Gen. 334: 173–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.09.043.Search in Google Scholar
Morschbacker, A. (2009). Bio-ethanol based ethylene. Polym. Rev. 49: 79–84, https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720902834791.Search in Google Scholar
Motokura, K., Tada, M., and Iwasawa, Y. (2009). Layered materials with coexisting acidic and basic sites for catalytic one-pot reaction sequences. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131: 7944–7945, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9012003.Search in Google Scholar
Nagendrappa, G. (2002). Organic synthesis using clay catalysts. Resonance 7: 64–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868200.Search in Google Scholar
Nagendrappa, G. (2011). Organic synthesis using clay and clay-supported catalysts. Appl. Clay Sci. 53: 106–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.016.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, Q.A., Yang, J., and Bae, H.-J. (2017). Bioethanol production from individual and mixed agricultural biomass residues. Ind. Crop. Prod. 95: 718–725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.040.Search in Google Scholar
Nigam, P.S. and Singh, A. (2011). Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 37: 52–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.003.Search in Google Scholar
Njoku, S.I., Iversen, J.A., Uellendahl, H., and Ahring, B.K. (2013). Production of ethanol from hemicellulose fraction of cocksfoot grass using pichia stipitis. Sustain. Chem. Process. 1: 13, https://doi.org/10.1186/2043-7129-1-13.Search in Google Scholar
O’Connor, P. (2007). Chapter 15: catalytic cracking: the future of an evolving process. In: Ocelli, M.L. (Ed.), Studies in surface science and catalysis. Elsevier, Netherlands, pp. 227–251.10.1016/S0167-2991(07)80198-4Search in Google Scholar
Okagami, A. and Matsnoka, S. (1970). Process for manufacturing olefins by catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, United States Patents, Japan.Search in Google Scholar
Ono, Y. and Baba, T. (1997). Selective reactions over solid base catalysts. Catal. Today 38: 321–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(97)81502-5.Search in Google Scholar
Paone, E., Tabanelli, T., and Mauriello, F. (2020). The rise of lignin biorefinery. Current Opinion Green Sustain. Chem. 24: 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2019.11.004.Search in Google Scholar
Pearson, D.E., Tanner, R.D., Picciotto, I.D., Sawyer, J.S., and Cleveland, J.H. (1981). Phosphoric acid systems. 2. Catalytic conversion of fermentation ethanol to ethylene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 20: 734–740, https://doi.org/10.1021/i300004a028.Search in Google Scholar
Phung, T.K., Lagazzo, A., Rivero Crespo, M.Á., Sánchez Escribano, V., and Busca, G. (2014). A study of commercial transition aluminas and of their catalytic activity in the dehydration of ethanol. J. Catal. 311: 102–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2013.11.010.Search in Google Scholar
Psaras, J.D. and Zahniser, J.A. (1982). Dehydration of ethanol. Google Patents.Search in Google Scholar
Rahimi, N. and Karimzadeh, R. (2011). Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: a review. Appl. Catal. Gen. 398: 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.009.Search in Google Scholar
Rahmanian, A. and Ghaziaskar, H.S. (2013). Continuous dehydration of ethanol to diethyl ether over aluminum phosphate–hydroxyapatite catalyst under sub and supercritical condition. J. Supercrit. Fluids 78: 34–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2013.03.021.Search in Google Scholar
Rajakumar, B., Reddy, K.P.J., and Arunan, E. (2003). Thermal decomposition of 2-fluoroethanol: single pulse shock tube and ab initio studies. J. Phys. Chem. 107: 9782–9793, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027323x.Search in Google Scholar
Redding, A.P., Wang, Z., Keshwani, D.R., and Cheng, J.J. (2011). High temperature dilute acid pretreatment of coastal Bermuda grass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 1415–1424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.053.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rocha-Meneses, L., Raud, M., Orupõld, K., and Kikas, T. (2019). Potential of bioethanol production waste for methane recovery. Energy 173: 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.073.Search in Google Scholar
Rossetti, I., Compagnoni, M., Finocchio, E., Ramis, G., Di Michele, A., Millot, Y., and Dzwigaj, S. (2017). Ethylene production via catalytic dehydration of diluted bioethanol: a step towards an integrated biorefinery. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 210: 407–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.04.007.Search in Google Scholar
Rossetti, I., Tripodi, A., Bahadori, E., and Ramis, G. (2018). Exploiting diluted bioethanol solutions for the production of ethylene: preliminary process design and heat integration. Chem. Eng. Transact. 65: 73–78 https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1865013.Search in Google Scholar
Rossetti, I., Tripodi, A., and Ramis, G. (2020). Hydrogen, ethylene and power production from bioethanol: ready for the renewable market?. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45: 10292–10303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.201.Search in Google Scholar
Saha, K., R, U.M., Sikder, J., Chakraborty, S., da Silva, S.S., and dos Santos, J.C. (2017). Membranes as a tool to support biorefineries: applications in enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and dehydration for bioethanol production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 74: 873–890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.015.Search in Google Scholar
Saqib, S., Rafiq, S., Chawla, M., Saeed, M., Muhammad, N., Khurram, S., Majeed, K., Khan, A.L., Ghauri, M., and Jamil, F. (2019). Facile CO2 separation in composite membranes. Chem. Eng. Technol. 42: 30–44, https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201700653.Search in Google Scholar
Sharma, S.K. and Mudhoo, A. (2010). Green chemistry for environmental sustainability. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.10.1201/EBK1439824733Search in Google Scholar
Sheehan John, J. (1994). Bioconversion for production of renewable transportation fuels in the United States. Enzymatic conversion of biomass for fuels production. ACS Symposium Series: American Chemical Society, pp. 1–52.10.1021/bk-1994-0566.ch001Search in Google Scholar
Shi, B.C. and Davis, B.H. (1995). Alcohol dehydration: mechanism of ether formation using an alumina catalyst. J. Catal. 157: 359–367, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1995.1301.Search in Google Scholar
Singh, B., Patial, J., Sharma, P., Agarwal, S.G., Qazi, G.N., and Maity, S. (2007). Influence of acidity of montmorillonite and modified montmorillonite clay minerals for the conversion of longifolene to isolongifolene. J. Mol. Catal. Chem. 266: 215–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.10.050.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M.B. (2006). March’s advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure, 6th ed. Wiley & Sons.10.1002/0470084960Search in Google Scholar
Srirangan, K., Akawi, L., Moo-Young, M., and Chou, C.P. (2012). Towards sustainable production of clean energy carriers from biomass resources. Appl. Energy 100: 172–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.05.012.Search in Google Scholar
Sun, J. and Wang, Y. (2014). Recent advances in catalytic conversion of ethanol to chemicals. ACS Catal. 4: 1078–1090, https://doi.org/10.1021/cs4011343.Search in Google Scholar
Suzuki, E., Idemura, S., and Ono, Y. (1988). Catalytic conversion of 2-propanol and ethanol over synthetic hectorite and its analogues. Appl. Clay Sci. 3: 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(88)90012-9.Search in Google Scholar
Tahir, Z., Aslam, M., Gilani, M.A., Bilad, M.R., Anjum, M.W., Zhu, L.-P., and Khan, A.L. (2019). SO3H functionalized UiO-66 nanocrystals in Polysulfone based mixed matrix membranes: synthesis and application for efficient CO2 capture. Separ. Purif. Technol. 224: 524–533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.060.Search in Google Scholar
Takezawa, N., Hanamaki, C., and Kobayashi, H. (1975). The mechanism of dehydrogenation of ethanol on magnesium oxide. J. Catal. 38: 101–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(75)90067-6.Search in Google Scholar
Tanabe, K., Miscono, M., Ono, Y., and Hatori, H. (1989). New solid acids and bases: their catalytic properties: Elsevier Science.Search in Google Scholar
Tanaka, K., Koyama, M., Pham, P.T., Rollon, A.P., Habaki, H., Egashira, R., and Nakasaki, K. (2019). Production of high-concentration bioethanol from cassava stem by repeated hydrolysis and intermittent yeast inoculation. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 138: 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.12.007.Search in Google Scholar
Tarach, K.A., Tekla, J., Filek, U., Szymocha, A., Tarach, I., and Góra-Marek, K. (2017). Alkaline-acid treated zeolite L as catalyst in ethanol dehydration process. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 241: 132–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.12.035.Search in Google Scholar
Tenabe, K., Misono, M., Hattori, H., and Ono, Y. (1990). New solid acids and bases: their catalytic properties. Kodansha LTD and Elsevier Science Publishers, Tokyo, Amsterdam.Search in Google Scholar
Teramura, H., Sasaki, K., Oshima, T., Aikawa, S., Matsuda, F., Okamoto, M., Shirai, T., Kawaguchi, H., Ogino, C., Yamasaki, M., et al. (2015). Changes in lignin and polysaccharide components in 13 cultivars of rice straw following dilute acid pretreatment as studied by solution-state 2D 1H-13C NMR. PLoS One 10: e0128417, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128417.Search in Google Scholar
Trimm, D.L. and Stanislaus, A. (1986). The control of pore size in alumina catalyst supports: a review. Appl. Catal. 21: 215–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)81356-1.Search in Google Scholar
Tripodi, A., Belotti, M., and Rossetti, I. (2019). Bioethylene production: from reaction kinetics to plant design. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7: 13333–13350, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02579.Search in Google Scholar
Trueba, M. and Trasatti, S.P. (2005). γ-Alumina as a support for catalysts: a review of fundamental aspects. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005: 3393–3403, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200500348.Search in Google Scholar
Tzeng, J.-H., Weng, C.-H., Huang, J.-W., Lin, Y.-H., Lai, C.-W., and Lin, Y.-T. (2015). Spent tea leaves: a new non-conventional and low-cost biosorbent for ethylene removal. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 104: 67–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.05.012.Search in Google Scholar
Ur Rehman, R., Rafiq, S., Muhammad, N., Khan, A.L., Ur Rehman, A., TingTing, L., Saeed, M., Jamil, F., Ghauri, M., and Gu, X. (2017). Development of ethanolamine-based ionic liquid membranes for efficient CO2/CH4 separation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134: 45395, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45395.Search in Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy (2011). U.S. Billion-Ton update: biomass supply for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry. R.D. Perlack, and B.J. Stokes (Leads), ORNL/TM-2011/224. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN. p 227.Search in Google Scholar
Varisli, D., Dogu, T., and Dogu, G. (2007). Ethylene and diethyl-ether production by dehydration reaction of ethanol over different heteropolyacid catalysts. Chem. Eng. Sci. 62: 5349–5352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.017.Search in Google Scholar
Varma, R.S. (2002). Clay and clay-supported reagents in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 58: 1235–1255, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01216-9.Search in Google Scholar
Villanueva Perales, A.L., Reyes Valle, C., Ollero, P., and Gómez-Barea, A. (2011). Technoeconomic assessment of ethanol production via thermochemical conversion of biomass by entrained flow gasification. Energy 36: 4097–4108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.037.Search in Google Scholar
Vogels, R.J.M.J., Kloprogge, J.T., and Geus, J.W. (2005). Catalytic activity of synthetic saponite clays: effects of tetrahedral and octahedral composition. J. Catal. 231: 443–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2005.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, J.A., Bokhimi, X., Morales, A., Novaro, O., López, T., and Gómez, R. (1998). Aluminum local environment and defects in the crystalline structure of sol−gel alumina catalyst. J. Phys. Chem. B 103: 299–303.10.1021/jp983130rSearch in Google Scholar
Winter, O. and Eng, M.-T. (1976). Make ethylene from ethanol. Hydrocarb. Process. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp983130r.Search in Google Scholar
Xin, H., Li, X., Fang, Y., Yi, X., Hu, W., Chu, Y., Zhang, F., Zheng, A., Zhang, H., and Li, X. (2014). Catalytic dehydration of ethanol over post-treated ZSM-5 zeolites. J. Catal. 312: 204–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2014.02.003.Search in Google Scholar
Xu, X., Almeida, C.D., and Antal, M.J.Jr (1990). Mechanism and kinetics of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of ethanol in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 3: 228–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(90)90027-j.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, P., Leng, L., Tan, G.-Y.A., Dong, C., Leu, S.-Y., Chen, W.-H., and Lee, P.-H. (2018). Upgrading lignocellulosic ethanol for caproate production via chain elongation fermentation. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 135: 103–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.09.011.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, P., Tan, G.-Y.A., Aslam, M., Kim, J., and Lee, P.-H. (2019). Metatranscriptomic evidence for classical and RuBisCO-mediated CO2 reduction to methane facilitated by direct interspecies electron transfer in a methanogenic system. Sci. Rep. 9: 4116, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40830-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Yaripour, F., Baghaei, F., Schmidt, I., and Perregaard, J. (2005). Synthesis of dimethyl ether from methanol over aluminium phosphate and silica–titania catalysts. Catal. Commun. 6: 542–549, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2005.05.003.Search in Google Scholar
Yasin, M., Jang, N., Lee, M., Kang, H., Aslam, M., Bazmi, A.A., and Chang, I.S. (2019). Bioreactors, gas delivery systems and supporting technologies for microbial synthesis gas conversion process. Bioresource Technology Reports 7: 100207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100207.Search in Google Scholar
Young, L.B., Butter, S.A., and Kaeding, W.W. (1982). Shape selective reactions with zeolite catalysts: III. Selectivity in xylene isomerization, toluene-methanol alkylation, and toluene disproportionation over ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. J. Catal. 76: 418–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(82)90271-8.Search in Google Scholar
Zaki, T. (2005). Catalytic dehydration of ethanol using transition metal oxide catalysts. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 284: 606–613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.10.048.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, M. and Yu, Y. (2013). Dehydration of ethanol to ethylene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52: 9505–9514, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie401157c.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Wang, R., Yang, X., and Zhang, F. (2008). Comparison of four catalysts in the catalytic dehydration of ethanol to ethylene. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 116: 210–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.004.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, J., Li, W., Zhang, Z., Wu, X., Xing, W., and Zhuo, S. (2013). Effect of cation nature of zeolite on carbon replicas and their electrochemical capacitance. Electrochim. Acta 89: 763–770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.068.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, Y., Chen, Z., Gong, H., Chen, L., Yu, H., and Wu, W. (2019). Characteristics of dehydration during rice husk pyrolysis and catalytic mechanism of dehydration reaction with NiO/γ-Al2O3 as catalyst. Fuel 245: 131–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.02.059.Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, L.D., Hiltunen, E., Antila, E., Zhong, J.J., Yuan, Z.H., and Wang, Z.M. (2014). Microalgal biofuels: flexible bioenergies for sustainable development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 30: 1035–1046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.003.Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, Z., Simister, R., Bird, S., McQueen-Mason, S.J., Gomez, L.D., and Macquarrie, D. (2015). Microwave assisted acid and alkali pretreatment of Miscanthus biomass for biorefineries. AIMS Bioengineering 2: 449–468, https://doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2015.4.449.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston