Abstract
Piezoresistivity is an electromechanical effect characterized by the reversible change in the electrical resistivity with strain. It is useful for electrical-resistance-based strain/stress sensing. The resistivity can be the volumetric, interfacial or surface resistivity, though the volumetric resistivity is most meaningful scientifically. Because the irreversible resistivity change (due to damage or an irreversible microstructural change) adds to the reversible change that occurs at lower strains, the inclusion of the irreversible effect makes the piezoresistivity appear stronger than the inherent effect. This paper focuses on the inherent piezoresistivity that occurs without irreversible resistivity changes. The effect is described by the gage factor (GF), which is defined as the fractional change in resistance per unit strain. The GF can be positive or negative. Strong piezoresistivity involves the magnitude of the fractional change in resistivity much exceeding the strain magnitude. The reversible effect of strain on the electrical connectivity is the primary piezoresistivity mechanism. Giant piezoresistivity is characterized by GF ≥ 500. This critical review with 209 references covers the theory, mechanisms, methodology and status of piezoresistivity, and provides the first review of the emerging field of giant piezoresistivity. Piezoresistivity is exhibited by electrically conductive materials, particularly metals, carbons and composite materials with conductive fillers and nonconductive matrices. They include functional and structural materials. Piezoresistivity enables structural materials to be self-sensing. Unfortunately, GF was incorrectly or unreliably reported in a substantial fraction of the publications, due to the pitfalls systematically presented here. The most common pitfall involves using the two-probe method for the resistance measurement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chung DDL (2010) Functional materials. World Science Publisher, Singapore Ch. 2 and 3
Chung DDL (2017) Carbon composites. Elsevier, Amsterdam Ch. 6
Chen S, Li Y, Yan D, Wu C, Leventis N (2019) Piezoresistive geopolymer enabled by crack-surface coating. Mater Lett 255:126582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126582
Yang H, Gong LH, Zheng Z, Yao XF (2020) Highly stretchable and sensitive conductive rubber composites with tunable piezoresistivity for motion detection and flexible electrodes. Carbon 158:893–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.079
Park JW, Jang J (2015) Fabrication of graphene/free-standing nanofibrillar PEDOT/P(VDF-HFP) hybrid device for wearable and sensitive electronic skin application. Carbon 87:275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.039
Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I (2019) Design strategy for porous composites aimed at pressure sensor application. Small 15(45):1903487. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201903487
Liu X, Su G, Guo Q, Lu C, Zhou T, Zhou C, Zhang X (2018) Hierarchically structured self-healing sensors with tunable positive/negative piezoresistivity. Adv Funct Mater 28(15):1706658. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706658
Daňová R, Olejnik R, Slobodian P (2020) Matyas J (2020) The piezoresistive highly elastic sensor based on carbon nanotubes for the detection of breath. Polymers (Basel, Switzerland) 12(3):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030713
Tai Y, Mulle M, Aguilar Ventura I, Lubineau G (2015) A highly sensitive, low-cost, wearable pressure sensor based on conductive hydrogel spheres. Nanoscale 7(35):14766–14773. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr03155a
Amjadi M, Kyung K, Park I, Sitti M (2016) Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: a review. Adv Funct Mater 26(11):1678–1698. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504755
Abhang Y (2018) Review of different tactile sensors using piezoresistivity mechanism. J Mater Sci Eng 7(2):1000432/1–1000432/3. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000432
Zhang B, Li B, Jiang S (2017) Poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanocomposites with high piezoresistivity, low modulus and high conductivity. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 28(9):6897–6906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-017-6390-z
Al-Handarish Y, Omisore OM, Igbe T, Han S, Li H, Du W, Zhang J, Wang L (2020) A survey of tactile-sensing systems and their applications in biomedical engineering. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4047937
Ansari MZ, Gangadhara BS (2014) Piezoresistivity and its applications in nanomechanical sensors. Proc Mater Sci 5:1308–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.447
Jiang N, Namilae S, Unnikrishnan V (2020) Silicone/carbon nanotube sheet biofidelic piezoresistive sandwich composites. J Eng Mater Technol 142(1):11009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044649
Winkler C, Schaefer J, Jager C, Konnerth J, Schwarz U (2020) Influence of polymer/filler composition and processing on the properties of multifunctional adhesive wood bonds from polyurethane prepolymers II: electrical sensitivity in compression. J Adhes 96(1–4):185–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2019.1652602
Lee W, Hong S, Oh H (2019) Characterization of elastic polymer-based smart insole and a simple foot plantar pressure visualization method using 16 electrodes. Sensors 19(1):44/1–44/10. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010044
Ahuja P, Ujjain SK, Urita K, Furuse A, Moriguchi I, Kaneko K (2020) Chemically and mechanically robust SWCNT based strain sensor with monotonous piezoresistive response for infrastructure monitoring. Chem Eng J (Amsterdam, Neth) 388:124174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124174
Fu X, Ramos M, Al-Jumaily AM, Meshkinzar A, Huang X (2019) Stretchable strain sensor facilely fabricated based on multi-wall carbon nanotube composites with excellent performance. J Mater Sci 54(3):2170–2180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2954-4
Penvern N, Langlet A, Gratton M, Mansion M (2020) Ait Hocine N (2020) Experimental characterization of the quasi-static and dynamic piezoresistive behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/elastomer composites. J Reinf Plast Compos 39(7–8):299–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684420901754
Liao Y, Duan F, Zhang H, Lu Y, Zeng Z, Liu M, Xu H, Gao C, Zhou L, Jin H et al (2019) Ultrafast response of spray-on nanocomposite piezoresistive sensors to broadband ultrasound. Carbon 143:743–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.074
Wen S, Chung DDL (2000) Uniaxial tension in carbon fiber reinforced cement, sensed by electrical resistivity measurement in longitudinal and transverse directions. Cem Concr Res 30(8):1289–1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(00)00304-5
Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2015) Smart cement rheological and piezoresistive behavior for oil well applications. J Petrol Sci Eng 135:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.08.015
Tao J, Wang J, Zeng Q (2020) Comparative study on influences of CNT and GNP on piezoresistivity of cement composites. Mater Lett 259:126858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126858
Wen S, Chung DDL (2003) A comparative study of steel- and carbon-fibre cement as piezoresistive strain sensors. Adv Cem Res 15(3):119–128. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.119
Dong W, Li W, Wang K, Han B, Sheng D, Shah SP (2020) Investigation on physicochemical and piezoresistive properties of smart WCNT/cementitious composite exposed to elevated temperatures. Cement Concr Compos 112:103675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103675
Segura I, Faneca G, Torrents JM, Aguado A (2019) Self-sensing concrete made from recycled carbon fibres. Smart Mater Struct 28(10):105045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab3d59
Dong W, Li W, Wang K, Luo Z, Sheng D (2020) Self-sensing capabilities of cement-based sensor with layer-distributed conductive rubber fibres. Sens Actuators A 301:111763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.111763
Dong W, Li W, Long G, Tao Z, Li J, Wang K (2019) Electrical resistivity and mechanical properties of cementitious composite incorporating conductive rubber fibres. Smart Mater Struct 28(8):85013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab282a
Zhang L, Ding S, Han B, Yu X, Ni Y (2019) Effect of water content on the piezoresistive property of smart cement-based materials with carbon nanotube/nanocarbon black composite filler. Compos A 119:8–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.01.010
Wen S, Chung DDL (2007) Electrical-resistance-based damage self-sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement. Carbon 45(4):710–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.11.029
Chung DDL (2003) Damage in cement-based materials, studied by electrical resistance measurement. Mater Sci Eng R 42(1):1–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-796x(03)00037-8
Ramirez M, Chung DDL (2016) Electromechanical, self-sensing and viscoelastic behavior of carbon fiber tows. Carbon 110:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.095
Wang H, Liu J, Gao X, Li Y, Cai J, Wang J (2019) Influence of salt freeze-thaw cycles on the damage and the following electrical and self-sensing performance of carbon nanofibers concrete. Mater Res Express 6(2):025705/1–025705/11. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaf094
Alsaadi A, Meredith J, Swait T, Curiel-Sosa JL, Jia Y, Hayes S (2019) Structural health monitoring for woven fabric CFRP laminates. Compos B 174:107048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107048
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Effects of strain and damage on the strain sensing ability of carbon fiber cement. J Mater Civ Eng 18(3):355–360. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2006)18:3(355)
Wang S, Kowalik DP, Chung DDL (2002) Effects of the temperature, humidity and stress on the interlaminar interface of carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites, studied by contact electrical resistivity measurement. J. Adhes 78(2):189–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218460210384
Wang S, Chung DDL (2005) The interlaminar interface of a carbon fiber epoxy–matrix composite as an impact sensor. J Mater Sci 40:1863–1867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-1205-7
Fu X, Chung DDL (1998) Effects of water-cement ratio, curing age, silica fume, polymer admixtures, steel surface treatments, and corrosion on bond between concrete and steel reinforcing bars. ACI Mater J 95(6):725–734. https://doi.org/10.14359/417
Kim KD, Chung DDL (2005) Electrically conductive adhesive and soldered joints under compression. J Adhes Sci Technol 19(11):1003–1023. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568561054950988
Wang S, Chung DDL (2006) Self-sensing of flexural strain and damage in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite by electrical resistance measurement. Carbon 44(13):2739–2751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.034
Zhu S, Chung DDL (2007) Analytical model of piezoresistivity for strain sensing in carbon fiber polymer-matrix structural composite under flexure. Carbon 45(8):1606–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.04.012
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Self-sensing of flexural damage and strain in carbon fiber reinforced cement and effect of embedded steel reinforcing bars. Carbon 44(8):1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.12.009
Zhu S, Chung DDL (2007) Theory of piezoresistivity for strain sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement under flexure. J Mater Sci 42(15):6222–6233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1131-3
Ueda M, Yamaguchi T, Ohno T, Kato Y, Nishimura T (2019) FEM-aided identification of gauge factors of unidirectional CFRP through multi-point potential measurements. Adv Compos Mater 28(1):37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2017.1423531
Celebonovic V, Nikolic MG (2018) The Hubbard Model and piezoresistivity. J Low Temp Phys 190(3–4):191–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-017-1830-y
Nakamura K, Toriyama T, Sugiyama S (2011) First-principles simulation on piezoresistivity in alpha and beta silicon carbide nanosheets. Jpn J Appl Phys 50(6):06GE05/1–06GE05/6. https://doi.org/10.7567/jjap.50.06ge05
Ren X, Burton J, Seidel GD, Lafdi K (2015) Computational multiscale modeling and characterization of piezoresistivity in fuzzy fiber reinforced polymer composites. Int J Solids Struct 54:121–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.10.034
Hu B, Hu N, Li Y, Akagi K, Yuan W, Watanabe T, Cai Y (2012) Multi-scale numerical simulations on piezoresistivity of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. Nanoscale Res Lett 7(1):402, 11pp
Gong S, Wu D, Li Y, Jin M, Xiao T, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Zhu Z, Li Z (2018) Temperature-independent piezoresistive sensors based on carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite. Carbon 137:188–195
Koo GM, Tallman TN (2020) Higher-order resistivity-strain relations for self-sensing nanocomposites subject to general deformations. Compos B 190:107907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107907
Kim I, Kim HS, Ryu H (2019) Piezoresistivity of InAsP nanowires: role of crystal phases and phosphorus atoms in strain-induced channel conductances. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 24(18):3249. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183249
Zhang T, Wang G, Wang C, Tang C, Zhang F, Luo Y (2019) Effect of AuNP-AuNP vdW interaction on the mechanics and piezoresistivity of AuNP-polymer nanocomposite. AIP Adv 9(5):055212/1–055212/8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099523
Wang M, Gurunathan R, Imasato K, Geisendorfer NR, Jakus AE, Peng J, Shah RN, Grayson M, Snyder GJ (2019) Percolation model for piezoresistivity in conductor-polymer composites. Adv Theory Simul. https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.201800125
Oskouyi AB, Sundararaj U, Mertiny P (2014) Tunneling conductivity and piezoresistivity of composites containing randomly dispersed conductive nano-platelets. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 7(4):2501–2521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7042501
Gbaguidi A, Namilae S, Kim D (2019) Stochastic percolation model for the effect of nanotube agglomeration on the conductivity and piezoresistivity of hybrid nanocomposites. Computat Mater Sci 166:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.04.045
Oliva-Aviles AI, Aviles F, Seidel GD, Sosa V (2013) On the contribution of carbon nanotube deformation to piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube/polymer composites. Compos B 47:200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.091
Ren X, Seidel GD (2013) Computational micromechanics modeling of inherent piezoresistivity in carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 24(12):1459–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12471442
Gong S, Zhu ZH (2015) Giant piezoresistivity in aligned carbon nanotube nanocomposite: account for nanotube structural distortion at crossed tunnel junctions. Nanoscale 7(4):1339–1348. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR05656F
Guan X, Wen M, Li H, Ou J (2019) The influence of firing procedures on strain sensitivity of thick-film resistors. Ceram Int 45(6):6836–6841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.12.177
Qiao Z, Ma Y, Chen X, Chen M, Hong K, Li Z, Lu G, Wang Z (2020) Mechanical and piezo-resistive properties of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene composites. Polym Compos 41(5):2082–2093. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25522
Devarajan U, Singh S, Esakki Muthu S, Kalai Selvan G, Sivaprakash P, Roy Barman S, Arumugam S (2014) Investigations on the electronic transport and piezoresistivity properties of Ni2−xMn1+xGa (x = 0 and 0.15) Heusler alloys under hydrostatic pressure. Appl Phys Lett 105(25):252401/1–252401/4
Sezen M, Register JT, Yao Y, Glisic B, Loo Y (2016) Eliminating piezoresistivity in flexible conducting polymers for accurate temperature sensing under dynamic mechanical deformations. Small 12(21):2832–2838. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600858
Jheng L, Hsiao C, Ko W, Hsu SL, Huang Y (2019) Conductive films based on sandwich structures of carbon nanotubes/silver nanowires for stretchable interconnects. Nanotechnology 30(23):235201. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0483
Wang D, Chung DDL (2013) Through-thickness piezoresistivity in a carbon fiber polymer-matrix structural composite for electrical-resistance-based through-thickness strain sensing. Carbon 60(1):129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.005
Wang X, Chung DDL (1997) Sensing delamination in a carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite during fatigue by electrical resistance measurement. Polym Compos 18(6):692–700. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10322
Wang X, Chung DDL (1999) Fiber breakage in polymer-matrix composite during static and dynamic loading, studied by electrical resistance measurement. J Mater Res 14(11):4224–4229. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-503-81
Lekawa-Raus A, Koziol KKK, Windle AH (2014) Piezoresistive effect in carbon nanotube fibers. ACS Nano 8(11):11214–11224. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503596f
Anike JC, Belay K, Abot JL (2019) Effect of twist on the electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarns. Carbon 142:491–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.10.067
Su S, Chen Y, Wu J, Chen W, Cheng W, Yao YD (2006) The straining effect on tunneling resistance of Co/AlOx/Co/IrMn junctions. Appl Phys Lett 89(22):222510/1–222510/3. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2399936
Lange D, Roca-Cabarrocas P, Triantafyllidis N, Daineka D (2016) Piezoresistivity of thin film semiconductors with application to thin film silicon solar cells. Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 145(Part_2):93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.09.014
Thuau D, Begley K, Dilmurat R, Ablat A, Wantz G, Ayela C, Abbas M (2020) Exploring the critical thickness of organic semiconductor layer for enhanced piezoresistive sensitivity in field-effect transistor sensors. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 13(7):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071583
Thanh N, Toan D, Riduan Md FA, Hoang-Phuong P, Tuan-Khoa N, Nam-Trung N et al (2019) Giant piezoresistive effect by optoelectronic coupling in a heterojunction. Nat Commun 10(1):4139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11965-5
Riyajuddin S, Kumar S, Gaur SP, Sud A, Maruyama T, Ali ME, Ghosh K (2020) Linear piezoresistive strain sensor based on graphene/g-C3N4/PDMS heterostructure. Nanotechnology 31(29):295501. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab7b88
Yao Y, Duan X, Luo J, Liu T (2017) Two-probe versus van der Pauw method in studying the piezoresistivity of single-wall carbon nanotube thin films. Nanotechnology 28(44):445501/1–445501/10
Wen S, Chung DDL (2007) Piezoresistivity-based strain sensing in carbon fiber reinforced cement. ACI Mater J 104(2):171–179
Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2019) Smart cement compressive piezoresistive, stress-strain, and strength behavior with nanosilica modification. J Test Eval 47(2):1479–1501. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170105
Wen S, Chung DDL (2006) Spatially resolved self-sensing of strain and damage in carbon fiber cement. J Mater Sci 41(15):4823–4831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0028-5
Wang D, Wang S, Chung DDL, Chung JH (2006) Sensitivity of the two-dimensional electric potential/resistance method for damage monitoring in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite. J Mater Sci 41(15):4839–4846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0062-3
Zhang D, Ye L, Wang D, Tang Y, Mustapha S, Chen Y (2012) Assessment of transverse impact damage in GF/EP laminates of conductive nanoparticles using electrical resistivity tomography. Compos A 43(9):1587–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.04.012
Karhunen K, Seppaenen A, Lehikoinen A, Monteiro PJM, Kaipio JP (2010) Electrical resistance tomography imaging of concrete. Cem Concr Res 40(1):137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.023
Reichling K, Raupach M, Klitzsch N (2015) Determination of the distribution of electrical resistivity in reinforced concrete structures using electrical resistivity tomography. Mater Corros 66(8):763–771. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201407763
Wen S, Chung DDL (2001) Electric polarization in carbon fiber reinforced cement. Cem Concr Res 31(2):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00382-3
Cao J, Chung DDL (2004) Electric polarization and depolarization in cement-based materials, studied by apparent electrical resistance measurement. Cem Concr Res 34(3):481–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.003
Fu X, Ma E, Chung DDL, Anderson WA (1997) Self-monitoring in carbon fiber reinforced mortar by reactance measurement. Cem Concr Res 27(6):845–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)83277-2
Shirodkar N, Rocker S, Seidel GD (2019) Strain and damage sensing of polymer bonded mock energetics via piezoresistivity from carbon nanotube networks. Smart Mater Struct 28(10):104006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab3dcd
Vipulanandan C, Mohammed A (2017) Rheological properties of piezoresistive smart cement slurry modified with iron- oxide nanoparticles for oil–well applications. J Test Eval 45(6):2050–2060. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150443
Sanli A, Kanoun O (2020) Electrical impedance analysis of carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposite-based piezoresistive strain sensors under uniaxial cyclic static tensile loading. J Compos Mater 54(6):845–855. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319870592
Dong W, Li W, Shen L, Sheng D (2019) Piezoresistive behaviours of carbon black cement-based sensors with layer-distributed conductive rubber fibres. Mater Des 182:108012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108012
Cheng X, Wang L, Gao F, Yang W, Du Z, Chen D, Chen S (2019) The N and P co-doping-induced giant negative piezoresistance behaviors of SiC nanowires. J Mater Chem C 7(11):3181–3189. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC06623J
Patole SP, Reddy SK, Schiffer A, Askar K, Prusty BG, Kumar S (2019) Piezoresistive and mechanical characteristics of graphene foam nanocomposites. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2(3):1402–1411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b02306
Wang F, Zhang S, Wang L, Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhang X, Chen T, Lai Y, Pan G, Sun L (2018) An ultrahighly sensitive and repeatable flexible pressure sensor based on PVDF/PU/MWCNT hierarchical framework-structured aerogels for monitoring human activities. J Mater Chem C 6(46):12575–12583. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC04652B
Fu Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Huang P, Hu N, Fu S (2018) High-performance structural flexible strain sensors based on graphene-coated glass fabric/silicone composite. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(41):35503–35509. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09424
Yu S, Wang X, Xiang H, Zhu L, Tebyetekerwa M, Zhu M (2018) Superior piezoresistive strain sensing behaviors of carbon nanotubes in one-dimensional polymer fiber structure. Carbon 140:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.08.028
Cruz S, Rocha LA, Viana JC (2017) Piezo-resistive behavior at high strain levels of PEDOT:PSS printed on a flexible polymeric substrate by a novel surface treatment. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 28(3):2563–2573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-5832-3
Li X, Chen S, Ying P, Gao F, Liu Q, Shang M, Yang W (2016) A giant negative piezoresistance effect in 3C-SiC nanowires with B dopants. J Mater Chem C 4(27):6466–6472. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC01882C
Zhao S, Li J, Cao D, Gao Y, Huang W, Zhang G, Sun R, Wong C (2016) Percolation threshold-inspired design of hierarchical multiscale hybrid architectures based on carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles for stretchable and printable electronics. J Mater Chem C 4(27):6666–6674. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC01728B
Zhang L, Wang Y, Wei Y, Xu W, Fang D, Zhai L, Lin K, An L (2008) A silicon carbonitride ceramic with anomalously high piezoresistivity. J Am Ceram Soc 91(4):1346–1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02275.x
Wang S, Chung DDL (2000) Piezoresistivity in continuous carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite. Polym Compos 21(1):13–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10160
Wang S, Wang D, Chung DDL, Chung JH (2006) Method of sensing impact damage in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite by electrical resistance measurement. J Mater Sci 41(8):2281–2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-7172-9
Christ JF, Aliheidari N, Ameli A, Potschke P (2017) 3D printed highly elastic strain sensors of multiwalled carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. Mater Des 131:394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.011
Huang K, Dong S, Yang J, Yan J, Xue Y, You X, Hu J, Gao L, Zhang X, Ding Y (2019) Three-dimensional printing of a tunable graphene-based elastomer for strain sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity. Carbon 143:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.008
Xu J, Zhang D (2017) Pressure-sensitive properties of emulsion modified graphene nanoplatelets/cement composites. Cem Concr Compos 84:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.025
Azizkhani MB, Kadkhodapour J, Rastgordani S, Anaraki AP, Shirkavand Hadavand B (2019) Highly sensitive, stretchable chopped carbon fiber/silicon rubber based sensors for human joint motion detection. Fibers Polym 20(1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-8662-0
Montazerian H, Dalili A, Milani AS, Hoorfar M (2019) Piezoresistive sensing in chopped carbon fiber embedded PDMS yarns. Compos B 164:648–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.090
Chung DDL (2020) Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Mater Chem Phys 255:123587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123587
Hwang M, Kang L (2019) Analysis of important fabrication factors that determine the sensitivity of MWCNT/epoxy composite strain sensors. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 12(23):3875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233875
Poudel A, Karode N, McGorry P, Walsh P, Lyons JG, Kennedy J, Matthews S, Coffey A (2019) Processing of nanocomposites using supercritical fluid assisted extrusion for stress/strain sensing applications. Compos B 165:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.098
Chung DDL (2005) Dispersion of short fibers in cement. J Mater Civ Eng 17(4):379–383. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561
Dong W, Li W, Tao Z, Wang K (2019) Piezoresistive properties of cement-based sensors: review and perspective. Constr Build Mater 203:146–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.081
Chung DDL (2002) Improving cement-based materials by using silica fume. J Mater Sci 37(4):673–682. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013889725971
Deng L, Ma Y, Hu J, Yin S, Ouyang X, Fu J, Liu A, Zhang Z (2019) Preparation and piezoresistive properties of carbon fiber-reinforced alkali-activated fly ash/slag mortar. Constr Build Mater 222:738–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.134
Zheng H, An W, Wu J, Zhao Z, Xiao S (2019) Piezoresistivity of polymer-matrix carbon fiber filament in plane stress state. Mater Res Express 6(8):85602 pp. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1b7e
Li W, Dong W, Shen L, Castel A, Shah SP (2020) Conductivity and piezoresistivity of nano-carbon black (NCB) enhanced functional cement-based sensors using polypropylene fibres. Mater Lett 270:127736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127736
Bai M, Zhai Y, Liu F, Wang Y, Luo S (2019) Stretchable graphene thin film enabled yarn sensors with tunable piezoresistivity for human motion monitoring. Sci Rep 9(1):18644. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55262-z
Zhang H, Sun X, Hubbe M, Pal L (2019) Flexible and pressure-responsive sensors from cellulose fibers coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl Electron Mater 1(7):1179–1188. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182
Das S, Yokozeki T (2020) Polyaniline-based multifunctional glass fiber reinforced conductive composite for strain monitoring. Polym Test 87:106547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106547
Can-Ortiz A, Abot JL, Aviles F (2019) Electrical characterization of carbon-based fibers and their application for sensing relaxation-induced piezoresistivity in polymer composites. Carbon 145:119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.12.108
Hao B, Ma Q, Yang S, Mader E, Ma P (2016) Comparative study on monitoring structural damage in fiber-reinforced polymers using glass fibers with carbon nanotubes and graphene coating. Compos Sci Technol 129:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.04.012
Fernberg P, Nilsson G, Joffe R (2009) Piezoresistive performance of long-fiber composites with carbon nanotube doped matrix. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 20(9):1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X08097387
Aly K, Li A, Bradford PD (2017) Compressive piezoresistive behavior of carbon nanotube sheets embedded in woven glass fiber reinforced composites. Compos B 116:459–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.002
Loyola BR, La SV, Loh KJ (2010) In situ strain monitoring of fiber-reinforced polymers using embedded piezoresistive nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 45(24):6786–6798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4775-y
Tapeinos IG, Miaris A, Mitschang P, Alexopoulos ND (2012) Carbon nanotube-based polymer composites: a trade-off between manufacturing cost and mechanical performance. Compos Sci Technol 72(7):774–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.02.004
Dubey KA, Mondal RK, Kumar J, Melo JS, Bhardwaj YK (2020) Enhanced electromechanics of morphology-immobilized co-continuous polymer blend/carbon nanotube high-range piezoresistive sensor. Chem Eng J (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 389:124112 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124112
Thaler D, Aliheidari N, Ameli A (2019) Mechanical, electrical, and piezoresistivity behaviors of additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Smart Mater Struct 28(8):84004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab256e
Vicente J, Costa P, Lanceros-Mendez S, Abete JM, Iturrospe A (2019) Electromechanical properties of PVDF-based polymers reinforced with nanocarbonaceous fillers for pressure sensing applications. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 12(21):3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213545
Thomas AJ, Kim JJ, Tallman TN, Bakis CE (2019) Damage detection in self-sensing composite tubes via electrical impedance tomography. Compos B 177:107276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107276
Dong W, Li W, Lu N, Qu F, Vessalas K, Sheng D (2019) Piezoresistive behaviours of cement-based sensor with carbon black subjected to various temperature and water content. Compos B 178:107488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107488
Jan R, Habib A, Khan ZM, Khan MB, Anas M, Nasir A, Nauman S (2017) Liquid exfoliated graphene smart layer for structural health monitoring of composites. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 28(12):1565–1574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X16672729
Tang Y, Guo Q, Chen Z, Zhang X, Lu C (2019) In-situ reduction of graphene oxide-wrapped porous polyurethane scaffolds: synergistic enhancement of mechanical properties and piezoresistivity. Compos A 116:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.10.025
Zheng Y, Li Y, Dai K, Liu M, Zhou K, Zheng G, Liu C, Shen C (2017) Conductive thermoplastic polyurethane composites with tunable piezoresistivity by modulating the filler dimensionality for flexible strain sensors. Compos A 101:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.06.003
Aguilar-Bolados H, Yazdani-Pedram M, Contreras-Cid A, Lopez-Manchado MA, May-Pat A, Aviles F (2017) Influence of the morphology of carbon nanostructures on the piezoresistivity of hybrid natural rubber nanocomposites. Compos B 109:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.057
Haghgoo M, Hassanzadeh-Aghdam MK, Ansari R (2020) A comprehensive evaluation of piezoresistive response and percolation behavior of multiscale polymer-based nanocomposites. Compos A 130:105735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105735
Maria Cruz A, Javier P (2020) Self-compacted concrete with self-protection and self-sensing functionality for energy infrastructures. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051106
Ke K, Sang Z (2020) Manas-Zloczower I (2020) Hybrid systems of three-dimensional carbon nanostructures with low dimensional fillers for piezoresistive sensors. Polym Compos 41(2):468–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25380
Chen L, Weng M, Zhou P, Huang F, Liu C, Fan S, Zhang W (2019) Graphene-based actuator with integrated-sensing function. Adv Funct Mater 29(5):1806057. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806057
Tan W, Stallard JC, Smail FR, Boies AM, Fleck NA (2019) The mechanical and electrical properties of direct-spun carbon nanotube mat-epoxy composites. Carbon 150:489–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.118
Li M, Wang J, Wang S, Zuo T, Sun W, Gu Y, Zhang Z (2019) Effect of microstructure on the piezoresistive behavior of carbon nanotube composite film. Mater Res Express 6(2):025034/1–025034/10. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaee3e
Peng F, Chen K, Yildirim A, Xia X, Vogt BD, Cakmak MM (2019) Tunable piezoresistivity from magnetically aligned Ni(core)@Ag(shell) particles in an elastomer matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(22):20360–20369. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b04287
Paul SJ, Sharma I, Elizabeth I, Gahtori B, Titus SS, Chandra P, Gupta BK (2020) A comparative study of compressible and conductive vertically aligned carbon nanotube forest in different polymer matrixes for high-performance piezoresistive force sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(14):16946–16958. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c01779
Ding S, Ruan Y, Yu X, Han B, Ni Y (2019) Self-monitoring of smart concrete column incorporating CNT/NCB composite fillers modified cementitious sensors. Constr Build Mater 201:127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.203
Jeong C, Ko H, Kim H, Sun K, Kwon T, Jeong H, Park Y (2020) Bioinspired, high-sensitivity mechanical sensors realized with hexagonal microcolumnar arrays coated with ultrasonic-sprayed single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(16):18813–18822. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23370
Wu Z, Wei J, Dong R, Chen H (2019) Epoxy composites with reduced graphene oxide-cellulose nanofiber hybrid filler and their application in concrete strain and crack monitoring. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 19(18):3963. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183963
Shui X, Chung DDL (1996) Piezoresistive carbon filament polymer-matrix composite strain sensor. Smart Mater Struct 5:243–246. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/5/2/014
Guo C, Kondo Y, Takai C, Fuji M (2017) Piezoresistivities of vapor-grown carbon fiber/silicone foams for tactile sensor applications. Polym Int 66(3):418–427. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5275
Jambhulkar S, Xu W, Ravichandran D, Prakash J, Mada Kannan AN, Song K (2020) Scalable alignment and selective deposition of nanoparticles for multifunctional sensor applications. Nano Lett 20(5):3199–3206. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05245
Gong S, Zhu ZH (2014) On the mechanism of piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer composites. Polymer 55(16):4136–4149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.024
Toprakci HAK, Kalanadhabhatla SK, Spontak RJ, Ghosh TK (2013) Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanofibers as soft printable sensors exhibiting strain-reversible piezoresistivity. Adv Funct Mater 23(44):5536–5542. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300034
Shi G, Zhao Z, Pai J, Lee I, Zhang L, Stevenson C, Ishara K, Zhang R, Zhu H, Ma J (2016) Highly sensitive, wearable, durable strain sensors, and stretchable conductors using graphene/silicon rubber composites. Adv Funct Mater 26(42):7614–7625. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602619
Mahmood H, Dorigato A, Pegoretti A (2019) Temperature dependent strain/damage monitoring of glass/epoxy composites with graphene as a piezoresistive interphase. Fibers 7(2):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7020017
Wang L (2016) Pressure sensing material based on piezoresistivity of graphite sheet filled silicone rubber composite. Sens Actuators A 252:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2016.11.005
Zeng Z, Liu M, Xu H, Liu W, Liao Y, Jin H, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Su Z (2016) A coatable, light-weight, fast-response nanocomposite sensor for the in situ acquisition of dynamic elastic disturbance: from structural vibration to ultrasonic waves. Smart Mater Struct 25(6):065005/1–065005/12. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/6/065005
Wang L, Ding T, Wang P (2008) Effects of compression cycles and precompression pressure on the repeatability of piezoresistivity for carbon black-filled silicone rubber composite. J Polym Sci B 46(11):1050–1061. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.21438
Wang P, Ding T (2010) Conductivity and piezoresistivity of conductive carbon black filled polymer composite. J Appl Polym Sci 116(4):2035–2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.31693
Aviles F, Oliva-Aviles AI, Cen-Puc M (2018) Piezoresistivity, strain, and damage self-sensing of polymer composites filled with carbon nanostructures. Adv Eng Mater 20(7):1701159. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201701159
Namilae S, Li J, Chava S (2019) Improved piezoresistivity and damage detection application of hybrid carbon nanotube sheet-graphite platelet nanocomposites. Mech Adv Mater Struct 26(15):1333–1341. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2018.1432812
Long Y, He P, Xu R, Hayasaka T, Shao Z, Zhong J, Lin L (2020) Molybdenum-carbide-graphene composites for paper-based strain and acoustic pressure sensors. Carbon 157:594–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.10.083
Li M, Zuo T, Wang S, Gu Y, Gao L, Li Y, Zhang Z (2018) Piezoresistivity of resin-impregnated carbon nanotube film at high temperatures. Nanotechnology 29(36):365702/1–365702/12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aacc58
Xu S, Hu H, Ji L, Wang P (2019) Piezoresistive properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/silicone rubber composites under cyclic loads with ac excitation. J. Phys. Conf Ser 1168:22075 pp. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1168/2/022075
Wen S, Chung DDL (2007) Double percolation in the electrical conduction in carbon fiber reinforced cement-based materials. Carbon 45(2):263–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.09.031
Li L, Chung DDL (1993) Effect of viscosity on the electrical properties of conducting thermoplastic composites made by compression molding of a powder mixture. Polym Compos 14(6):467–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140604
Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I (2019) Elastomer composites with a tailored interface network toward tunable piezoresistivity: effect of elastomer particle size. ACS Appl Polym Mater 1(4):714–721. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.8b00241
Sang Z, Guo H, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I (2019) Effect of solvent on segregated network morphology in elastomer composites for tunable piezoresistivity. Macromol Mater Eng 304(9):1900278. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201900278
Cai J, Li J, Chen X, Wang M (2020) Multifunctional polydimethylsiloxane foam with multi-walled carbon nanotube and thermo-expandable microsphere for temperature sensing, microwave shielding and piezoresistive sensor. Chem Eng J (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 393:124805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124805
Feng D, Liu P, Wang Q (2019) Exploiting the piezoresistivity and EMI shielding of polyetherimide/carbon nanotube foams by tailoring their porous morphology and segregated CNT networks. Compos A 124:105463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.05.031
Yao Y, Luo J, Duan X, Liu T, Zhang Y, Liu B, Yu M (2019) On the piezoresistive behavior of carbon fibers: cantilever-based testing method and Maxwell–Garnett effective medium theory modeling. Carbon 141:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.043
Penev ES, Artyukhov VI, Yakobson BI (2015) Basic structural units in carbon fibers: atomistic models and tensile behavior. Carbon 85:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.067
Louis M, Joshi SP, Brockmann W (2001) An experimental investigation of through-thickness electrical resistivity of CFRP laminates. Compos Sci Technol 61:911–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00177-9
Sengupta D, Chen S, Michael A, Kwok CY, Lim S, Pei Y, Kottapalli Prakash AG (2020) Single and bundled carbon nanofibers as ultralightweight and flexible piezoresistive sensors. NPJ Flex Electron 4(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-020-0072-2
Zhao J, Wang G, Yang R, Lu X, Cheng M, He C, Xie G, Meng J, Shi D, Zhang G (2015) Tunable piezoresistivity of nanographene films for strain sensing. ACS Nano 9(2):1622–1629. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506341u
Manzeli S, Allain A, Ghadimi A, Kis A (2015) Piezoresistivity and strain-induced band gap tuning in atomically thin MoS2. Nano Lett 15(8):5330–5335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01689
Manzeli S, Dumcenco D, Migliato Marega G, Kis A (2019) Self-sensing, tunable monolayer MoS2 nanoelectromechanical resonators. Nat Commun 10(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12795-1
Yang S, Zhang C, Chang X, Huang J, Yang Z, Yao J, Wang H, Ding G (2019) Effect of heat treatment atmosphere on the piezoresistivity of indium tin oxide ceramic strain sensor. Ceram Int 45(14):17048–17053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.256
Kwon H, Park Y, Kim C (2019) Strain sensing characteristics using piezoresistivity of semi-conductive silicon carbide fibers. Smart Mater Struct 28(10):105035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab3b2f
Nakata S, Uesugi A, Sugano K, Rossi F, Salviati G, Lugstein A, Isono Y (2019) Strain engineering of core-shell silicon carbide nanowires for mechanical and piezoresistive characterizations. Nanotechnology 30(26):265702. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0d5d
Xu X, Wang R, Nie P, Cheng Y, Lu X, Shi L, Sun J (2017) Copper nanowire-based aerogel with tunable pore structure and its application as flexible pressure sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(16):14273–14280. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b02087
Wu S, Zou M, Shi X, Yuan Y, Bai W, Ding M, Cao A (2019) Hydrophobic, structure-tunable Cu nanowire@graphene core-shell aerogels for piezoresistive pressure sensing. Adv Mater Technol (Weinheim, Germany) 4(10):1900470. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900470
Ma Q, Hao B, Ma P (2020) Flexible sensor based on polymer nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotube foam derivated from cotton. Compos Sci Technol 192:108103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108103
Ran S, Glen TS, Li B, Zheng T, Choi I, Boles ST (2019) Mechanical properties and piezoresistivity of tellurium nanowires. J Phys Chem C 123(36):22578–22585. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b05597
Oliva AI, Ruiz-Tabasco L, Ojeda-Garcia J, Corona JE, Sosa V, Aviles F (2019) Effects of temperature and tensile strain on the electrical resistance of nanometric gold films. Mater Res Express 6(6):66407. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab0c43
Li Q, Luo S, Wang Q (2019) Piezoresistive thin film pressure sensor based on carbon nanotube-polyimide nanocomposites. Sens Actuators A 295:336–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.06.017
Jiang Y, Shen D, Liu M, Ma Z, Zhao P, Feng L, Zhang D (2019) Fabrication of graphene/polyimide nanocomposite-based hair-like airflow sensor via direct inkjet printing and electrical breakdown. Smart Mater Struct 28(6):65028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab18cb
Fu X, Al-Jumaily AM, Ramos M, Meshkinzar A, Huang X (2019) Stretchable and sensitive sensor based on carbon nanotubes/polymer composite with serpentine shapes via molding technique. J Biomater Sci 30(13):1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2019.1627649
Wang L, Nan M, Lei M, Ling Y, Lv D (2019) Space resolution improvement for pressure measurement by using a single conductive polymer composite sheet in area array. Sens Actuators A 295:324–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.05.004
Maurizi M, Slavič J, Cianetti F, Jerman M, Valentinčič J, Lebar A, Boltežar M (2019) Dynamic measurements using FDM 3D-printed embedded strain sensors. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 19(12):2661. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122661
Kim M, Jung J, Jung S, Moon YH, Kim D, Kim JH (2019) Piezoresistive behaviour of additively manufactured multi-walled carbon nanotube/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. Materials (Basel, Switzerland) 12(16):2613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162613
Bruot C, Palma JL, Xiang L, Mujica V, Ratner MA, Tao N (2015) Piezoresistivity in single DNA molecules. Nat Commun 6:8032. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9032
Fiorillo AS, Critello CD, Pullano SA (2018) Theory, technology and applications of piezoresistive sensors: a review. Sens Actuators A 281:156–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.006
Farcau C, Sangeetha NM, Moreira H, Viallet B, Grisolia J, Ciuculescu-Pradines D, Ressier L (2011) High-sensitivity strain gauge based on a single wire of gold nanoparticles fabricated by stop-and-go convective self-assembly. ACS Nano 5(9):7137–7143. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn201833y
Tanner JL, Mousadakos D, Giannakopoulos K, Skotadis E, Tsoukalas D (2012) High strain sensitivity controlled by the surface density of platinum nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 23(28):285501. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/28/285501
Chung DDL (2017) Processing-structure-property relationships of continuous carbon fiber polymer–matrix composites. Mater Sci Eng R 113:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2017.01.002
Alamusi HN, Fukunaga H, Atobe S, Liu Y, Li J (2011) Piezoresistive strain sensors made from carbon nanotubes based polymer nanocomposites. Sensors 11:10691–10723. https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110691
Hu N, Karube Y, Arai M, Watanabe T, Yan C, Li Y, Liu Y, Fukunaga H (2010) Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor. Carbon 48(3):680–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.012
Ding Y, Xu T, Onyilagha O, Fong H, Zhu Z (2019) Recent advances in flexible and wearable pressure sensors based on piezoresistive 3D monolithic conductive sponges. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(7):6685–6704. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b20929
Yi W, Wang Y, Wang G, Tao X (2012) Investigation of carbon black/silicone elastomer/dimethylsilicone oil composites for flexible strain sensors. Polym Test 31(5):677–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2012.03.006
Kuwabara M, Matsuda H, Hamamoto K (1999) Giant piezoresistive effects in single grain boundaries of semiconducting barium titanate ceramics. J Electroceram 4(Supplement 1):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009958725603
Xi X, Chung DDL (2019) Capacitance-based self-sensing of flaws and stress in carbon-carbon composite, with reports of the electric permittivity, piezoelectricity and piezoresistivity. Carbon 146:447–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.062(Corrigendum to “Capacitance-based self-sensing of flaws and stress in carbon-carbon composite, with reports of the electric permittivity, piezoelectricity and piezoresistivity”. Carbon 158:545. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.023)
Meškinis S, Gudaitis R, Šlapikas K, Vasiliauskas A, Čiegis A, Tamulevičius T, Andrulevičius M, Tamulevičius S (2018) Giant negative piezoresistive effect in diamond-like carbon and diamond-like carbon-based nickel nanocomposite films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering of Ni target. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(18):15778–15785. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17439
Xi X, Chung DDL (2020) Electret behavior of carbon fiber structural composites with carbon and polymer matrices, and its application in self-sensing and self-powering. Carbon 160:361–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.035
Niu M, Yao Y, Shi Y, Luo J, Duan X, Liu T, Guo X (2019) Multifunctional green sensor prepared by direct laser writing of modified wood component. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(24):10364–10372. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00850
Ma B, Wang Y (2018) Fabrication of dense polymer-derived silicon carbonitride ceramic bulks by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis processes without losing piezoresistivity. J Am Ceram Soc 101(7):2752–2759. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15442
Xi X, Chung DDL (2020) Neutron-moderating graphite sensing its own strain by electrical resistance measurement. J Nucl Mater, submitted
Xi X, Chung DDL (2019) Effect of nickel coating on the stress-dependent electric permittivity, piezoelectricity and piezoresistivity of carbon fiber, with relevance to stress self-sensing. Carbon 145:401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.034
Xi X, Chung DDL (2019) Piezoelectric and piezoresistive behavior of unmodified carbon fiber. Carbon 145:452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.044
Wang X, Chung DDL (1997) Electromechanical behavior of carbon fiber. Carbon 35(5):706–709
Cao Y, Yang X, Zhao R, Chen Y, Li N, An L (2016) Giant piezoresistivity in polymer-derived amorphous SiAlCO ceramics. J Mater Sci 51(12):5646–5650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9866-y
Das Gupta T, Gacoin T, Rowe ACH (2014) Piezoresistive properties of Ag/silica nano-composite thin films close to the percolation threshold. Adv Funct Mater 24:4522–4527. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303775
Terauds K, Sanchez-Jimenez PE, Raj R, Vakifahmetoglu C, Colombo P (2010) Giant piezoresistivity of polymer-derived ceramics at high temperatures. J Eur Ceram Soc 30(11):2203–2207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.02.024
Fu X, Lu W, Chung DDL (1998) Ozone treatment of carbon fiber for reinforcing cement. Carbon 36(9):1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00115-8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chung, D.D.L. A critical review of piezoresistivity and its application in electrical-resistance-based strain sensing. J Mater Sci 55, 15367–15396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05099-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05099-z