Abstract
Mulberry (Morus spp.), represents a set of plants grown in Brazil for production of fruits, leaves for feeding silkworms and ruminant animals, and for landscape. In 2017 mulberry leaves with symptoms of spots were collected in Santa Catarina (SC) state and in the Distrito Federal (DF). Three fungal isolates obtained from M. nigra in DF and one isolate obtained from M. alba in SC state were characterized by both molecular and morphological tools. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were grouped with isolates belonging to the species Neophloeospora maculans. All isolates were pathogenic on leaves of M. nigra seedlings under greenhouse conditions and were re-isolated in pure culture, completing the Koch’s postulates. One isolate was morphologically characterized, and it showed colonies with slow growth, grayish-white color and conidia hyaline, septated, filiform, straight or curved, measuring 56 (25–70) × 4.5 (2.5–5) that confirms the molecular identification. This work reposts M. nigra as a new host of N. maculans in Brazil, as well as expands the geographic distribution of this fungus in the country. This information is potentially relevant for establishing effective disease management strategies.
References
Awasthi AK, Nagaraja G, Naik G, Kanginakudru S, Thangavelu K, Nagaraju J (2004) Genetic diversity and relationships in mulberry (genus Morus) as revealed by RAPD and ISSR marker assays. BMC Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-5-1
Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13–15
Farr, D.F., Rossman, A.Y. 2020. Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections. https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. Accessed 04 August 2020
Hong SK, Kim WG, Sung GB, Choi HW, Lee YK, Shim HS, Lee SY (2011) Occurrence of leaf spot on mulberry caused by Phloeospora maculans in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 27:193
Imran M, Khan H, Shah M, Khan M, Khan F (2010) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of certain Morus species. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 11:973–980
Katoh K, Toh H (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:772–780
Koidzumi G (1917) Taxonomy and phytogeography of the genus Morus. Bulletin of the Sericultural Experiment Station 3:1–12
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33:1870–1874
Mendes, M.A.S., Urben, A.F. (2020) Fungos relatados em plantas no Brasil. https://pragawall.cenargen.embrapa.br/aiqweb/michtml/fgbanco01.asp. Accessed 04 August 2020
Okamoto F, Furlaneto FPD, Martins NA (2013) Amora preta: quem é quem. Pesquisa e Tecnologia 10:6
Pieczul K, Jajor E, Perek A, Świerczyńska I (2017) First report on Mycosphaerella mori on Morus nigra and M. rubra in Poland. Journal of Plant Pathology 99:287–304
Soylu S, Kurt S, Soylu EM (2003) First report of Phloeospora leaf spot on mulberry caused by Phloeospora maculans (= Cylindrosporium maculans) in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey. Plant Pathology 52:415
Staden R, Beal KF, Bonfield JK (1998) The Staden package. In: Misener S, Krawetz SA (eds) Bioinformatics methods and protocols. Humana, New York, pp 115–130
Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313
Tutin GT (1996) Morus L. In: Tutin GT, Burges NA, Chater AO, Edmondson JR, Heywood VH, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (eds) Flora Europa, Psilotaceae to Platanaceae, vol 1, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Australia, pp 222–227
Videira SIR, Groenewald JZ, Nakashima C, Braun U, Barreto RW, de Wit PJGM, Crous PW (2017) Mycosphaerellaceae-chaos or clarity? Studies in Mycology 87:257–421
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor JW (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfland DH, Sininsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 315–322
Funding
Not applicaple.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author .
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Costa, C.A., Veloso, J.S., de Oliveira, B.F. et al. First report of Neophloeospora maculans causing leaf spots in Morus nigra and M. alba in Brazil. J Plant Dis Prot 128, 317–321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00370-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-020-00370-6