Abstract
Secchi depth (SD, m) is a direct and intuitive measure of water’s transparency, which is also an indicator of water quality. In 2015, a semi-analytical model was developed to derive SD from remote sensing reflectance, thus able to provide maps of water’s transparency in satellite images. Here an in-situ dataset (338 stations) is used to evaluate its potential ability to monitor water quality in the coastal and estuarine waters, with measurements covering the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea where measured SD values span a range of 0.2–21.0 m. As a preliminary validation result, according to the whole dataset, the unbiased percent difference (UPD) between estimated and measured SD is 23.3% (N=338, R2=0.89), with about 60% of stations in the dataset having relative difference (RD) ⩽ 20%, over 80% of stations having RD ⩽ 40%. Furthermore, by excluding the field data which with relatively larger uncertainties, the semi-analytical model yielded the UPD of 17.7% (N=132, R2=0.92) with SD range of 0.2–11.0 m. In addition, the semi-analytical model was applied to Landsat-8 images in the Zhujiang River Estuary, and retrieved high-quality mapping and reliable spatial-temporal patterns of water clarity. Taking into account the uncertainties associated with both field measurements and satellite data processing, and that there were no tuning of the semi-analytical model for these regions, these findings indicate highly robust retrieval of SD from spectral techniques for such turbid coastal and estuarine waters. The results suggest it is now possible to routinely monitor coastal water transparency or visibility at high-spatial resolutions from measurements, like Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 and newly launched Gaofen-5.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Junwu Tang, and other colleagues for their great efforts in field measurements. This research was carrying out under Zhongping Lee’s guidance, and got critical advices and helps from Ocean Optical Lab, when Xianfu Liu was a one-year visiting scholar in the University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB). We also thank Mingjie Li, Di Dong and Bing Li, Lumei Huang for their constructive comments and helpful discussions on the manuscript. Our special thanks go to Jianwei Wei for his efforts in revising the manuscript.
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Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 61527810; the Marine Science and Technology Fund from Director of South China Sea Branch, State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No. 180101; the Key Laboratory Open Project Fund of Technology and Application for Safeguarding of Marine Rights and Interests, State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No. 1720.
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Liu, X., Meng, X., Wang, X. et al. Using a semi-analytical model to retrieve Secchi depth in coastal and estuarine waters. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 39, 103–112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1620-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-020-1620-2