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Petrographical and geochemical constraints on carbonate diagenesis in an epeiric platform deposit: Late Cretaceous Bagh Group in central India

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Abstract

A combined facies, petrography and isotope geochemistry reveal an extensive pedogenic alteration of platform carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Bagh Group in the western Narmada basin in central India. The highly fossiliferous carbonate sequence of the Bagh Group consists of two formations, the Nodular Limestone at the base, and the Bryozoan Limestone Formation at top. The Nodular Limestone Formation comprises primarily of mudstone and wackestone, with relics of bioclasts such as gastropods, echinoderms, molluscs, forams and calcispheres, reflecting a low-energy supratidal to upper intertidal environment of deposition. Prolonged pedogenesis leads to pervasive micritization, brecciation, desiccation and recrystallization. The overlying Bryozoan Limestone, dominated by packstone and planar laminated rudstone with bryozoans, gastropods, echinoderms/echinoid spines, and molluscs, indicates deposition within the lower intertidal environment with moderately high-energy conditions. Abundant meniscus cement and biomolds suggest meteoric vadose diagenetic modification, whereas, intense secondary micritization of sediments indicates prolonged calichification. The δ13C and δ18O ratios of both Nodular Limestone and Bryozoan Limestone formations are depleted than the normal marine values, indicating an extensive diagenetic resetting of the carbonates. While the meteoric cement is depleted in both δ13C and δ18O ratio, the burial cement shows a decrease of δ18O at constant δ13C. The pedogenetic horizons within the Bagh carbonates bear subtle evidence of subaerial exposures within the overall transgressive Bagh Group. A glauconite bed at the upper part of the Bryozoan Limestone Formation marks the top part of the transgressive deposit.

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adapted from Hudson (1977). The straight line indicates burial diagenetic trend (adapted from Choquette and James, 1987)

Fig. 11

adapted from Hudson (1977). The straight line indicates burial diagenetic trend (adapted from Choquette and James, 1987)

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Abbreviations

VPDB:

Vienna-Pee Dee Belemnite

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to their respective institute and universities for infrastructure facilities. SB is thankful to Ministry of Mines, Government of India for the financial support through grant F. No. 14/77/2015-Met IV. The authors thank Subir Sarkar of Jadavpur University for providing access to cathodoluminescence microscope and Prasanta Sanyal of IISER Kolkata for the stable isotope analysis. We thank Karem Azmy and anonymous reviewers for reviewing the earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Dhiren K. Ruidas & Santanu Banerjee

  2. Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens University Campus, 157 84, Athens, Greece

    Fotini A. Pomoni-Papaioannou

  3. Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, 711103, India

    Tapas Kumar Gangopadhyay

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  1. Dhiren K. Ruidas
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DKR and TG did the field work. FAP did thin section investigation and provided relevant description. SB and DKR did the interpretations related to stable isotopes and wrote most of the text. SB conceived of the study, and participated in its coordination to prepare the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Ruidas, D.K., Pomoni-Papaioannou, F.A., Banerjee, S. et al. Petrographical and geochemical constraints on carbonate diagenesis in an epeiric platform deposit: Late Cretaceous Bagh Group in central India. Carbonates Evaporites 35, 94 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00624-2

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