Abstract
In isoprenoid metabolism, cyclisation is the important gateway to chemical diversity. Terpene synthase is responsible for the cyclisation of a few universal substrates forming hundreds of often stereo-chemically complex mono- and poly-cyclic terpene hydrocarbons with a broad spectrum of functions in pharmaceuticals, flavours and fragrance industry. Although they are discovered and characterised mainly from plants and fungi, yet only a small share of bacterial terpenes has been investigated so far owing to their low level of expression in wild-type microorganisms. Extensive bacterial genome mining has revealed a treasure trove of terpene synthase genes and their regulated heterologous overexpression has pitched-in to describe the biochemical function of putative genes and sequester new terpene metabolites. This review deals with the modern genome mining techniques and molecular methods, providing more experimental tools for studying the structure and functions of terpenoid metabolites and strongly supports the idea that genome mining is a utile approach in deciphering the terpenoid diversity in bacteria.
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Abbreviations
- PKS:
-
Polyketide synthase
- NRPS:
-
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
- TC:
-
Terpene cyclase
- BGC:
-
Biosynthetic gene cluster
- TPS:
-
Terpene synthase
- PS:
-
Pentalenene synthase
- IPP:
-
Isopentenyl diphosphate
- DMAPP:
-
Dimethylallyl diphosphate
- MVA:
-
Mevalonic acid
- DOXP:
-
Deoxyxylulose phosphate
- GPP:
-
Geranyl diphosphate
- FPP:
-
Farnesyl diphosphate
- GGPP:
-
Geranyl geranyl diphosphate
- SC:
-
Sesquiterpene cyclase
- HMM:
-
Hidden Markov model
- BLASTp:
-
Basic Local Alignment Sequence Tool for proteins
- 2-MIB:
-
2-Methylisoborneol
- SAM:
-
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine
- 2-MeGPP:
-
2-Methyl geranyl diphosphate
- 2-MB:
-
2-Methylbornane
- LPP:
-
Linalyl diphosphate
- GS:
-
Geosmin synthase
- EIZS:
-
epi-Isozizaene synthase
- GC/MS:
-
Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy
- CFE:
-
Cell free extract
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compounds
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- DTS:
-
Diterpene synthases
- TDP:
-
Terpentetrienedienyl diphosphate
- TTE:
-
Terpentetriene
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- CPP:
-
Copalyl diphosphate
- Bds:
-
Bonnadiene synthase
- Pms:
-
Phomopsene synthase
- Sas:
-
Spiroalbatene synthase
- CAS:
-
Cembrene A synthase
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Acknowledgements
PB acknowledges the independent BSR-RFSMS fellowship (F.7-209/2009(BSR)), awarded by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The financial assistance received from Department of Science and Technology-Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (DST-PURSE) and University Grants Commission-Special Assistance Programme (UGC-SAP) (DRS Phase-I) is duly acknowledged. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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PB and DS conceived of the presented idea for the article. PB performed the literature search and data analysis. PB wrote the manuscript; DS provided critical feedback and helped to shape the manuscript.
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Supplementary file 1 (TIF 50 kb) Fig. S1 Cyclisation of Farnesyl diphosphates (FPP) by sesquiterpene synthases. Initial ionisation of FPP leads to the formation of charge delocalized carbocation which undergoes intra-molecular electrophilic attack on central or distal double bond followed by hydride shift and carbon-carbon backbone rearrangements thereby forming enormous variety of cyclic terpene metabolites (Adapted from Dickschat 2016 and modified)
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Supplementary file 2 (DOCX 29 kb) Table S1 Summary of the characterised terpene synthase genes from different strains of actinomycete and cyanobacteria
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Bhaskar, P., Sareen, D. Bioinformatics approach to understand nature’s unified mechanism of stereo-divergent synthesis of isoprenoid skeletons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 36, 142 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02918-y
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Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02918-y