Abstract
The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution—New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetes Colletotrichum and Pestalotiopsis (with many species or complexes), Atrocalyx, Dothiora, Lignosphaeria, Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis, Thozetella, Thyrostroma (relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genus Lepiota. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
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Acknowledgements
K.D. Hyde thanks Chiang Mai University for the award of Visiting Professor. K.D. Hyde would also like to thank the Thailand Research Fund for the grant RDG6130001MS Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Calabon is grateful to the Mushroom Research Foundation, Department of Science and Technology – Science Education Institute, and Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang University. The authors would like to thank the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program under Thailand Research Fund (RGJ) no. PHD/0002/2560. Chayanard Phukhamsakda would like to thank the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program under Thailand Research Fund (RGJ) for a personal grant to C. Phukhamsakda (The scholarship no. PHD/0020/2557 to study towards a PhD). Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program (number Y9180822S1), CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) (number 2020PC0009), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources, and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral research. Mingkwan Doilom would like to thank the 5th batch of Postdoctoral Orientation Training Personnel in Yunnan Province (grant no.: Y934283261) and the 64th batch of China Post-doctoral Science Foundation (grant no.: Y913082271). Yusufjon Gafforov thanks the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Projects, no. P3-2014-0830174425; P3-20170921183), CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for Visiting Scientist (Grant No.: 2018VBB0021). The research is also supported by the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31560489, 31972222), Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023), National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2014BAD23B03/03), Talent project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform ([2017]5788-5), and Guizhou Science, Technology Department International Cooperation Basic Project ([2018]5806). E.B. Gareth Jones is supported under the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program (DSFP), King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. R. Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for young staff (grant no. Y9215811Q1), the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project code 31850410489 (grant no. Y81I982211) and Chiang Mai University for their financial support. N. Thongklang would like to thank the Thailand research fund grants “Study of saprobic Agaricales in Thailand to find new industrial mushroom products” (Grant No. DBG6180015) and K.D. Hyde and N. Thongklang thank to Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant, Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas (Grant No. DBG6280009).
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Hyde, K.D., Jeewon, R., Chen, YJ. et al. The numbers of fungi: is the descriptive curve flattening?. Fungal Diversity 103, 219–271 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2