Upgrading Oryza sativa wastes into multifunctional antimicrobial and antibiofilm nominees; Ionic Metallo-Schiff base-supported cellulosic nanofibers
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Recently, cellulose-based materials were widely utilized in food packaging [1] and diverse biomedical fields such as drug vehicles, wound dressings, and sanitary products due to their unique properties including high abundant, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and inexpensive [2], [3], [4]. However, because cellulose has not inherent biocidal activity [5], the cellulosic materials are antimicrobial inactive and thus easily attacked by microbes [6]. To overcome these shortcomings, chemical modification or grafting of cellulose surface with bioactive compounds to develop antibacterial cellulosic materials is urgently needed.
In this context, three approaches have been adopted to formulate antibacterial cellulose-based materials; (i) blending with natural antibiotics or proteins [5]; (ii) incorporating metal ions or metallic nanoparticles [7], [8]; (iii) chemical modification or grafting with antimicrobial segments such as Schiff bases [9], [10], [11]. Nevertheless, there are still some drawbacks with currently available approaches to fabricate antibacterial cellulose-based materials [5]. For instance, the complex extraction and production process along with high-cost for natural antimicrobials from plant sources. Conformational changes in proteins as a result of different interactions with cellulose network, resulting in significant loss of their antibacterial effects. Also, instability of metal nanoparticles and their higher propensity for agglomeration causing, not only loss of their antimicrobial affects but also toxicity for normal human cells.
Consequently, exploring of cellulose-based biomaterials with prolonged antibacterial efficacy, possess multiple antimicrobial moieties, is needed to overcome the aforementioned problems. Among certified antimicrobials, Schiff bases occupied an advanced position because of their facile synthesis, availability, structural and electronic features, and strong coordinative ability with transition metal ions. Besides interesting pharmacological sites found in their skeletons (such as azomethine group, H-bonding donors (HBD), H-bonding acceptors (HBA), … etc). These pharmacological groups can induce several antibacterial modes in the bacterial cell through interaction with cell-active centers, resulting in malfunctions in its normal biological processes [12], [13].
Noteworthy, for a long time, many silver(I) compounds have been used as antimicrobial agents [14]. For instance, Ag(I) sulfadiazine (SSD), is still widely used as an antiseptic to prevent bacterial infections during burns and skin wounds [15]. Not long ago, it was reported that the Ag(I) complexes of symmetrical Schiff bases (obtained by condensation ethylenediamine or 1,3-diaminopropane with p-anisaldehyde) are more effective than SSD against Mycobacterium tuberculosis [16].
Interestingly, coordination of Zn(II) ion with traditional antibiotics resulted in a significant enhancement in their antimicrobial performances. For example, Zn(II) ions were used to promote the antimicrobial action of tetracycline [17], macrolides [18], aminoglycosides [19], quinolones [20], and vancomycin [21].
The increasing interest in ammonium ionic liquids as pharmacological candidates [22], due to their ability to provoke different bioreactions within multiple biological targets; make them very attractive for many chemotherapeutic researchers in designing new bioactive materials.
All aforementioned outstanding facts along with our continuous program for exploring novel biopolymer-based pharmacological candidates [23], [24], [25] induced us to design an efficient and simple protocol for; (i) recycling rice straw wastes into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), (ii) amino-functionalization of CNFs to yield amino cellulose nanofibers (CNF-NH2), (iii) Schiff base condensation of CNF-NH2 with ethoxysalicylaldehyde-functionalized ammonium ionic liquids (ESAILs) to fabricate poly(ethoxysalicyl ammonium) cellulose nanofibers Schiff bases (CNFSBs) which used as chelating ligands for Ag(I)/Zn(II) in preparation of their corresponding complexes. The aim of the fabrication of these materials is to target antibacterial and anti-biofilm applications. To the best of our knowledge, no work has been reported for recycling of this agricultural biomass (rice straw) into poly(ionic liquids) Schiff bases-functionalized cellulosic nanofibers.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
Specifications for chemicals and their suppliers, different instrumentation used for the comprehensive characterization of prepared materials were given in the electronic supplementary information (ESI†). Moreover, experimental protocols utilized for; recycling rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw wastes into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), amino-functionalization of CNFs to form CNF-NH2, and preparation of ethoxysalicylaldehyde-functionalized ammonium ionic liquids (ESAILs) were described in ESI†.
Synthesis chemistry
Multiple types of chemical reactions have been used to fabricate poly(ethoxysalicyl ammonium) cellulose nanofiber Schiff bases (CNFSBs) (see Scheme 1). These consecutive reactions are categorized into three groups: (i) Swelling, acidic hydrolysis, acid-base neutralization, bleaching, and carbamoymethylation are used to refine rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw to the amine-functionalized cellulose nanofiber (CNF-NH2). The main objectives of such treatments are to break down intermolecular bonds owing
Conclusion
The present study reported a simple and easy protocol for recycling rice straw wastes to cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and then amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibers (CNF-NH2), which used as a template for the construction of bioactive cellulose Schiff bases (CNFSBs) bearing ammonium ionic liquids. Furthermore, these ammonium-based cellulose Schiff bases were used as cheating agents for the fabrication of Ag(I) and Zn(II) CNFSBs complexes. All newly-synthesized cellulosic specimens were
CRediT authorship contribution statement
J. Alkabli: Conceptualization, Methodology, Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing - original draft. W.N. El-Sayed: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Reda F.M. Elshaarawy: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Amgad I.M. Khedr: Methodology, Software, Data curation, Validation, Visualization,
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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