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Depth Distribution of Bulk and Aggregate-Associated Manganese Oxides Mediated by Soil Chemical Properties in a Long-Term Fertilized Paddy Soil

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Abstract

Fertilization regimes greatly influence how manganese (Mn) oxides are recycled. However, information on this subject is scarce in rice managed paddies. The objective of this study was to examine the distributions of Mn pools in bulk soil and aggregates under different chemical and organic fertilizer ratios at both surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) soil depths. Depth distributions of Mn pools in bulk soil and aggregates were extracted using Mehlich 3 (M3-Mn), dithionite (Mnd), oxalate (Mno), and pyrophosphate (Mnp) solutions under a long-term fertilization experiment in a double rice cropping system. Fertilizer treatments comprised unfertilized control (CK), mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), 30% mineral NPK + 70% organic fertilizer (30F; pig manure + milk vetch), 50% mineral NPK + 50% organic fertilizer (50F), and 70% mineral NPK + 30% organic fertilizer (70F) under a randomly complete block design (RCBD) in paddy conditions. A pattern of 30F > 50F > 70F > NPK > CK was established with positive and significant correlations among total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and pH. All pools of Mn were in higher concentrations at the subsurface compared to the surface layer, where all aggregate sizes contributed equally to the enrichment of the metal oxides except for Mno in the 0.25–2.0 mm sizes at the surface layer. Distribution of manganese oxides was equal among the different soil aggregates which could cause the microaggregates to transport Mn oxides and pollute both surface and underground water sources.

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to all managers of long-term experiments at Nanchang, Jiangxi province, China.

Funding

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (41671301), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300901), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institutions of China (161032019035 and 1610132020021, 1610132020023).

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Correspondence to Zhang Huimin or Chen Jin.

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Anthonio, C.K., Jing, H., Tianfu, H. et al. Depth Distribution of Bulk and Aggregate-Associated Manganese Oxides Mediated by Soil Chemical Properties in a Long-Term Fertilized Paddy Soil. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20, 2631–2642 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00329-4

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