Abstract
Ornithine is one of the precursors of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the key compound of fragrant rice aroma, in fragrant rice. However, the application of ornithine in fragrant rice production has never been reported. The present study was conducted with a 2-year field experiment in order to study the effects of foliar application of ornithine on fragrant rice yield formation, quality characters and aroma. At the heading stage, ornithine solutions at three concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g L−1) were foliar applied to fragrant rice plants in paddy field and treatment applied with distilled water was taken as control. Our results showed that foliar application of ornithine significantly improved fragrant rice grain yield as well as the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. Higher contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid) and stronger net photosynthetic net were recorded in ornithine treatments compared with control. Foliar application of ornithine also increased grain protein content and reduced the grain amylose content, chalky rice rate, chalk area ratio and chalkiness. Moreover, we observed higher grain 2-AP concentrations were recorded in ornithine treatments and the ornithine treatments significantly reduced the transcript level of BADH2 which is the key gene controlling the 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice. Overall, 1.0 g L−1 was considered as the optimal amendment for foliar application of ornithine in fragrant rice production.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banerjee A, Ghosh P, Roychoudhury A (2020) Differential regulation of genes co-involved in aroma production and stress amelioration during salt acclimation in indica rice cultivars. Biologia 75:495–506. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-020-00418-w
Bao G, Ashraf U, Wang C, He L, Wei X, Zheng A, Mo Z, Tang X (2018) Molecular basis for increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline contents under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions in fragrant rice. Plant Physiol Bioch 133:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.032
Chan-in P, Jamjod S, Yimyam N, Rerkasem B, Pusadee T (2020) Grain quality and allelic variation of the Badh2 gene in thai fragrant rice landraces. Agronomy 10:779. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060779
Chen S, Yang Y, Shi W, Ji Q, He F, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Liu X, Xu M (2008) Badh2, encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, inhibits the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a major component in Rice Fragrance. Plant Cell 20:1850–1861. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.108.058917
Farooq M, Ullah A, Rehman A, Nawaz A, Nadeem A, Wakeel A, Nadeem F, Siddique KHM (2018) Application of zinc improves the productivity and biofortification of fine grain aromatic rice grown in dry seeded and puddled transplanted production systems. Field Crop Res 216:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.11.004
Kong L, Ashraf U, Cheng S, Rao G, Mo Z, Tian H, Pan S, Tang X (2017) Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China. Eur J Agron 90:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.07.006
Leethanapanich K, Mauromoustakos A, Wang Y (2016) Impact of soaking and drying conditions on Rice Chalkiness as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Cer Chem J. https://doi.org/10.1094/CCHEM-12-15-0248-N
Li M, Ashraf U, Tian H, Mo Z, Pan S, Anjum SA, Duan M, Tang X (2016) Manganese-induced regulations in growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice. Plant Physiol Bioch 103:167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.009
Lin W, Guo X, Pan X, Li Z (2018) Chlorophyll composition, chlorophyll fluorescence, and grain yield change in esl mutant rice. Int J Mol Sci 19:2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102945
Liu C, Xue Z, Tang D, Shen Y, Shi W, Lijun R, Du G, Li Y, Cheng Z (2018) Ornithine δ -aminotransferase is critical for floret development and seed setting through mediating nitrogen reutilization in rice. Plant J. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14072
Liu K, Yang R, Lu J, Wang X, Lu B, Tian X, Zhang Y (2019a) Radiation use efficiency and source-sink changes of super hybrid rice under shade stress during grain-filling stage. Agron J 111:1788–1798. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.10.0662
Liu K, Deng J, Lu J, Wang X, Lu B, Tian X, Zhang Y (2019b) High nitrogen levels alleviate yield loss of super hybrid rice caused by high temperatures during the flowering stage. Front Plant Sci 10:357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00357
Liu X, Huang Z, Li Y, Xie W, Li W, Tang X, Ashraf U, Kong L, Wu L, Wang S, Mo Z (2020) Selenium-silicon (Se-Si) induced modulations in physio-biochemical responses, grain yield, quality, aroma formation and lodging in fragrant rice. Ecotox Environ Safe 196:110525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110525
Luo HW, Du B, Zheng AX, Lai RF, You ZS, Wang M, Wang ZM, He LX, Zhang TT, Tang XR (2018) Flooding treatment restrains volunteer rice germination and seedling growth. Appl Ecol Env Res 16:7231–7242. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1605_72317242
Luo H, Du B, He L, He J, Hu L, Pan S, Tang X (2019) Exogenous application of zinc (Zn) at the heading stage regulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in different fragrant rice genotypes. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56159-7
Mo Z, Li W, Pan S, Fitzgerald TL, Xiao F, Tang Y, Wang Y, Duan M, Tian H, Tang X (2015) Shading during the grain filling period increases 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in fragrant rice. Rice 8:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-015-0040-y
Mo Z, Li Y, Nie J, He L, Pan S, Duan M, Tian H, Xiao L, Zhong K, Tang X (2019) Nitrogen application and different water regimes at booting stage improved yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in fragrant rice. Rice. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0328-4
Okpala NE, Potcho MP, An T, Ahator SD, Duan L, Tang X (2020) Low temperature increased the biosynthesis of 2-AP, cooked rice elongation percentage and amylose content percentage in rice. J Cereal Sci 93:102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2020.102980
Poonlaphdecha J, Gantet P, Maraval I, Sauvage F, Menut C, Morère A, Boulanger R, Wüst M, Gunata Z (2016) Biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice calli cultures: demonstration of 1-pyrroline as a limiting substrate. Food Chem 197:965–971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.060
Sabapathy S, Nair H (1992) In vitro propagation of taro, with spermine, arginine, and ornithine: I. Plantlet regeneration from primary shoot apices and axillary buds. Plant Cell Rep 11:290–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235084
Szabados L, Savouré A (2010) Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci 15:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009
Tu XL, Li J, Pan SY, Wang LF (2017) Correlation study on rice chalkiness degree and steamed rice cooking quality. Modern Food Sci Technol 33:210–215. https://doi.org/10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2017.12.031
Xie W, Ashraf U, Zhong D, Lin R, Xian P, Zhao T, Feng H, Wang S, Duan M, Tang X, Mo Z (2019) Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen regulates aroma biochemistry in fragrant rice. Food Sci Nutr 7:3784–3796. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1240
Yang C, Kao C (1999) Importance of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul 27:191–194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006226732574
Yang CW, Lin CC, Kao CH (2000) Proline, ornithine, arginine and glutamic acid contents in detached rice leaves. Biol Plantarum 43:305–307. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002733117506
Yoshihashi T, Huong NTT, Inatomi H (2002) Precursors of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a potent flavor compound of an aromatic rice variety. J Agric Food Chem 50:2001–2004. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011268s
Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yang J, Zhang J (2008) Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation. Field Crop Res 108:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.03.004
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971843) and Technology System of Modern Agricultural Industry in Guangdong (2019KJ105).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XT designed the research; PX, JL, LH, RL, TZ performed the experiments and collected the data; HL analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. XT provided the guidance during experiment and manuscript writing. All authors have seen and approved the manuscript and its contents and are aware of the responsibilities connected to authorship.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, H.W., Xing, P.P., Liu, J.H. et al. Application of ornithine-induced regulation in yield formation, grain quality and aroma of fragrant rice. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 48, 485–492 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-020-00075-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-020-00075-4