Tautomeric Equilibria in Solutions of 2-Phenacylbenzimidazoles

Skotnicka, Agnieszka; Czeleń, Przemysław; Gawinecki, Ryszard

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4364207

Heteroatom Chemistry

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 4364207 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4364207

Tautomeric Equilibria in Solutions of 2-Phenacylbenzimidazoles

Agnieszka Skotnicka,¹Przemysław Czeleń,²and Ryszard Gawinecki¹

Academic Editor: David Barker

Received12 Oct 2018

Revised15 Dec 2018

Accepted24 Dec 2018

Published03 Feb 2019

Abstract

Detailed NMR spectral analysis of DMSO-d₆ solutions of the series of substituted 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (ketimine form, K) reveals two from three tautomeric forms. Integrals of the ¹H NMR signals are used in establishing the molar ratio of tautomers. The experimental analyses are supported by quantum-chemical calculations, which satisfactorily reproduced the experimental trends. Although the reported semiempirical quantum-chemical calculations show that enaminone E, i.e., 2-(1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene)-1-phenylethan-1-one, was thermodynamically most stable, the results of MP2 ab initio calculations reveal the following order of stability: ketimine > enolimine > enaminone (substituents do not affect this sequence). ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectral data reveal that in the crystalline state the enolimine tautomer O is predominant in the p-CH₃ and p-NO₂ substituted congeners.

1. Introduction

It was found recently that in chloroform solution 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles (K in Scheme 1, X = O) are in equilibrium with (Z)-2-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethenols (enolimines, O) [1]. Strong electron-donating substituents in the benzene ring were found to stabilize the K tautomer. The MP2 ab initio calculations supported the energetic preference of the O (over E) form. ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra proved that in the crystalline state the ketimine tautomer K is predominant only in the p-NMe₂ substituted congener. On the other hand, enolimine forms O were detected when the substituent had less electron-donating character or when it had an electron-accepting nature [1].

We have previously shown that 1-methyl-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles are similar in chemical properties to 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles [2]. Analysis of NMR spectra and the results of the quantum-chemical calculations showed unequivocally that 1-methyl-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (K - form) are in equilibrium with (Z)-2-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethen-1-ols (O - form).

Since the –N=C(–)CH₂CO– moiety also is present in 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (Scheme 1, X = NH), these compounds and 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles and 1-methyl-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles are expected to behave similarly. However, in drawing such conclusions one has to be very careful: minor modifications in the molecule may affect the tautomeric equilibria significantly [1–3]. Such understanding prompted us to see the effect of substitution of the ring oxygen atom in 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles and NCH₃ group in 1-methyl-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles by the NH group on their susceptibility to proton transfer.

Tautomerism of 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles has been already studied by the NMR methods: 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (ketimines K) in DMSO-d₆ solution were found to equilibrate with 2-(1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene)-1-phenylethan-1-one (enaminones) [4]. Since an unequivocal distinguishing between enolimines O and enaminones E (any of these two forms can be present in solution), based only on the simple NMR spectra, may be difficult [1–3], ab initio calculations were performed in the present paper in order to support or deny the earlier conclusions [4]. The substituent effect on tautomerism of such derivatives is always significant [1–3], so the series of substituted 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles is worth further study.

2. Results and Discussion

2-Phenacylbenzimidazoles can be obtained by a variety of methods [5–13]. The aforementioned syntheses are characterized by low yield; therefore, 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles were prepared by treating methylbenzimidazole 1 with benzoyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine followed by thermal decomposition of formed (Z)-2-(1-benzoyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylvinyl benzoates 2a-i (Scheme 2) [5, 7, 11].

In order to compare 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles with 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles and 1-methyl-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles studied earlier [1, 2], the NMR spectra of the former compounds should be recorded from their deuterated chloroform solutions. Unfortunately, the crystals were sparingly soluble in that solvent, so it was substituted with DMSO-d₆.

There is a single intramolecular hydrogen bond in 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles [2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethan-1-ones] (Scheme 3). In solution, this ketimine K is expected to be in equilibrium with the enolimine O, or enaminone E tautomers.

Due to the presence of the 2,3-dihydro-2-methylene-1H-benzo[d]imidazole moiety in the molecules, both nitrogen atoms in the enaminone form E are equivalent (unless they are differentiated by the intramolecular hydrogen bond).

For the substituents studied, presence of the enolimine O in DMSO-d₆ solution has never been reported. ¹H and ¹³C as well as ¹H,¹³C HMBC NMR spectra suggest that K and E forms are present in such solution [4]. There is no doubt about the presence of the former tautomer, but unequivocal distinguishing between enolimines and enaminones cannot be based only on the simple NMR spectra [1–3]. It is why the ¹H,¹³C HMBC technique has been used earlier to prove which of K and E is present in solution [4]. Using of the IR spectra to identify the form present in the crystalline state E [4] also seems unreliable.

The chemical shifts of H10 resonances (Table 1) are comparable to those observed for 2-phenacyl derivatives of benzoxazoles [1], 1-methy-2-phenacylbenzimidazoles [2], and their enolimine or enaminone tautomers. Thus, the chemical shift values do not reveal whether another tautomer in DMSO-d₆ solution is O or E. One should keep in mind that signals of the N-H protons seen at >12 ppm are comparable to those of the hydroxyl protons in the enolimine tautomers of 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles [1].

On the other hand, the ¹³C chemical shifts can indicate the tautomer present in solution. C11 signals of other tautomers (O or E) are located in the range of 161-171 ppm (Table 1). Thus, the 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles K are really in equilibrium with the O forms ((Z)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2yl)-1-phenylethen-1-ols) [14].

The percent content of K form based on H10 integrals is given in Table 2. The accuracy of these data was supported by the evaluation based on signal intensities of the substituent protons and the literature data. In many cases, mainly -electron delocalization was found to be responsible for tautomeric preferences but other effects, such as the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond, should be taken into account.

¹³C CPMAS spectra of 2b and 2i show that only one tautomer is present in the solid state. The characteristic chemical shifts of 22.4 ppm (CH₃), 77.5 ppm (C10), and 177.2 ppm (C11) for 2a and 76.5 ppm (C10) and 175.3 ppm (C11) for 2i, suggest that it was the enolimine form O.

2.1. Substituent Effect on the Tautomeric Equilibrium

As can be seen in Table 2, the tautomeric ratio in solutions of 2a-i depends strongly on the substituent. Electron-acceptor substituents increase acidic character of the methylene protons in the K forms and thus favour this tautomer (Scheme 4). In consequence, their proton transfer to the aza atom in these compounds is facile.

The dependence between for 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles and Hammett substituent constant σ [15] has the linear character ( = 1.128σ – 0.491, R = 0.977, Figure 1).

2.2. Quantum-Chemical Calculations

The obtained experimental data seemed worthy of comparison with the results of the respective quantum-chemical calculations. Although semiempirical quantum-chemical calculations show that enaminone form E of 2d is thermodynamically more stable than ketimine form K of 2d [4], MP2 procedure is recommended as the most accurate and effective ab initio method for studying medium size molecules involving hydrogen bonds [16]. It includes electron correlation so the calculated and experimental data are expected to be comparable [17]. Some optimized bond lengths and dihedral angles in the molecules of 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles and their tautomers are presented in Table 3. Judging from the length of the hydrogen bond, it seems to be stronger in enolimines than in enaminones. Such an interaction is especially weak in ketimines.

The effect of the substituent on conformation of each tautomer is negligible. Twisting of the carbonyl group with respect to the neighbouring benzene ring in the ketimine molecules is equal to 10-15° (Table 3). The six-membered pseudorings, including the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in both enolimines and enaminones, are almost planar. The dihedral angle (Ψ) between the said benzene ring and C10–C11–O12 moiety in these two tautomers is comparable (ca 30°).

Although distances between H18 and methylene protons H10 in 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles were comparable [1], these in 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (ketimines, K) are significantly differentiated (Table 3) because one of these methylene hydrogens experiences steric hindrance by the aryl ring.

The calculated energies of different tautomers (Table 4) prove the K form to be the most stable (both electron-donor and electron-acceptor substituents follow this rule).

The enolimine O is always less stable than ketimine K (the more electron-accepting is the substituent, the more stable is the enolimine form). As this can be seen in Scheme 3, the six-membered pseudoring including the NH^…O=C system in K is expected to be less aromatic than the respective pseudorings including the NH^…O=C and OH^…N moieties in E and O, respectively. The strong resonance assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHB), such as this present in the molecule of the later tautomer, are well known [18–21]. The least stable tautomer is always E (both electron-donor and electron-acceptor substituents follow the rule). It is noteworthy that O seems to be really more stable than E just because the benzene, pseudo, and imidazole rings are aromatic in the former tautomer, while in the enaminone that is the case for the benzene and pseudorings only (Scheme 3). Thus, from this point of view, 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles resemble 2-phenacylbenzoxazoles [1] and 1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles [2].

3. Experimental Methods

Melting points were measured on a Boetius table and are uncorrected. Satisfactory elemental analyses (± 0.30 % for C, H and N) were obtained from Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS/O.

3.1. Syntheses: General Procedure

Benzoyl chloride (0.04 mole) was added in one portion to the stirred solution of 2-methylbenzimidazole 1 (1.46 g, 0.01 mole) and triethylamine (5.6 mL, 4.05 g, 0.04 mole) in diglyme (4 mL). Content of the reaction vessel was heated for 1 h on the boiling water bath. Dropwise addition of water (60 mL) to the stirred cold reaction mixture resulted in precipitation of (Z)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylvinyl benzoates. A solution of the crude material (0.006 mole) and morpholine (1.6 mL, 1,57 g, 0.018 mole) in methanol (9 mL) were heated under reflux with stirring for 10 min. Water (9 mL) was added to the boiling reaction mixture, which cooled to start precipitation. Crystallization of the collected solid from methanol affords pure 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles 2a-i.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (2a). Yellow solid; yield 0.66 g (57%); mp 205-207°C (lit. 205-207 [22], 208-209°C [4, 5]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 3.87 (3H, s, p-OCH₃ (O)), 3.91 (3H, s, p-OCH₃ (K)), 4.66 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.06 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.07 (2H, m (O)), 7.15 (2H, m, (O)), 7.21 (4H, m, (K)), 7.43 (1H, m, (O)), 7.58 (3H, m, (O)), 7.88 (2H, m, (K)), 8.14 (2H, m, (K)), 12.24 (1H, s, NH (K)), 12.39 (1H, s, NH (O)). ¹³C NMR δ 39.85, 55.71, 56.06, 79.72, 110.82, 114.21, 114.49, 114.93, 115.32, 121.80, 122.39, 127.63, 129.42, 129.96, 131.36, 132.30, 132.62, 137.44, 149.57, 154.34, 161.06, 163.95, 169,62, 193.89. Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₁₄N₂O₂: C, 72.16; H, 5.30; N, 10.52. Found: C, 72.21; H, 5.15, 10.18.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one (2b). Yellow solid; yield 0.97 g (65%); mp 192-193.5°C (lit. 195-196°C [4]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 2.37 (3H, s, p-CH₃ (O)), 2.51 (3H, s, p-CH₃ (K)), 4.64 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.07 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.16 (3H, m (O)), 7.27 (2H, d, ³J_H,H= 7.96 Hz, (O)), 7.38 (4H, m (K)), 7.50 (1H, m (O)), 7.57 (2H, m (K)), 7.76 (2H, m (O)), 8.00 (2H, m (K)), 12.25 (1H, s, NH (K)), 12.35 1H, s, NH (O)). ¹³C NMR δ 21.40, 21.64, 40.03, 80.64, 110.90, 115.13, 122.37, 122.57, 125.96, 129.07, 129.47, 129.83, 130.17, 130.47, 132.30, 134.03, 134.67, 137.58, 139.87, 144.58, 149.42, 154.21, 169.45, 195.08. Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₁₄N₂O: C, 76.78; H, 5.64; N, 11.19. Found: C, 76.81; H, 5.52; N, 11.09.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(3-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one (2c). Yellow solid; yield 1.11 g (70%); mp 166-171°C (lit. 142-143°C [22]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 2.40 (3H, s, m-CH₃ (O)), 2.51 (3H, s, m-CH₃ (K)), 4.66 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.66 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.16 (3H, m (O)), 7.26 (3H, d ³J_H,H= 7.48 Hz, (K)), 7.35 (3H, t (K)), 7.47 (3H, m (O)), 7.66 (2H, m (O)), 7.89 (2H, d ³J_H,H= 7.36 Hz, (K)), 12.26 (1H, s, NH (O)), 12.33 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 21.33, 21.56, 40.10, 81.30, 110.99, 115.26, 121.83, 122.53, 123.20, 126.23, 126.50, 126.76, 128.79, 129.15, 129.24, 130.84, 132.36, 134.68, 136.57, 137.40, 138.02, 138.69, 149.37, 154.14, 169.42, 195.67. Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₁₄N₂O: C, 76.78; H, 5.64; N, 11.19. Found: C, 76.58; H, 5.58; N, 10.91.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethan-1-one (2d). Light yellow solid; yield 1.22 g (87%); mp 182-183°C (lit. 176-178 [22], 179 [6], 178-178.5 [7], 178-179°C [4]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 4.68 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.10 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.17 (3H, m (O)), 7.42 (1H, m (O)), 7.45 (2H, m (O)), 7.49 (1H, m (K)), 7.57 (5H, m (K)), 7.68 (1H, m (K)), 7.86 (2H, m (O)), 8. 09 (2H, m (K)), 12.27 (1H, s, NH (O)), 12.34 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 40.12, 80.83, 110.95, 115.06, 121.86, 122.51, 126.01, 128.88, 128.94, 129.28, 130.17, 132.25, 134.08, 136.51, 137.23, 137.63, 149.31, 154.11, 169.94, 195.60. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₂N₂O: C, 74.22; H, 5.13; N, 10.18. Found: C, 74.35; H, 4.97; N, 10.23.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethan-1-one (2e). Brownish solid; yield 0.74 g (59%); mp 196-200°C (lit. 204-205°C [22]; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 4.67 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.67 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.17 (3H, m (O)), 7.28 (2H, m (O)), 7.38 (1H, m (O)), 7.43 (2H, m (K)), 7.55 (4H, m (K)), 7.91 (2H, m (O)), 8.18 (2H, m (K)), 12.22 (1H, s, NH (O)), 12.33 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 40.09, 79.12, 110.82, 114.43, 115.54, 115.76, 116.22, 116.44, 121.91, 122.61, 128.42, 128.51, 131.97, 132.07, 133.23, 133.26, 134.92, 134.95, 135.97, 149.20, 153.99, 162.26, 164.47, 164.71, 166.98, 171.04, 194.24. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₁FN₂O: C, 73.26; H, 4.99; N, 10.05. Found: C, 73.04; H, 5.16; N, 10.02.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethan-1-one (2f). Yellow solid; yield 1.05 g (68%); mp 232-234°C (lit. 226-228°C [4, 5]; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 4.67 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.03 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.14 (3H, m (K)), 7.19 (2H, m (O)), 7.48 (4H, m, (O)), 7.63 (3H, d, ³J_H,H= 8.40 Hz, (K)), 7.68 (2H, d, ³J_H,H= 8.40 Hz, (O)), 8.40 (2H, d, ³J_H,H= 8.40 Hz, (K)), 12.24 (1H, s, NH (O)), 12.33 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 39.67, 78.89, 110.33, 113.91, 121.33, 122.12, 127.42, 128.28, 128.84, 130.31, 131.38, 134.16, 134.58, 135.20, 136.78, 138.51, 148.54, 153.28, 170.45, 194.06. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₁ClN₂O: C, 72.41; H, 4.93; N, 9.93. Found: C, 72.46; H, 4.88; N, 9.86.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethan-1-one (2g). Yellow solid; yield 1.48 g (82%); mp 193-195°C (lit. 238-240 [22], 244-246°C [4]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 4.67 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.03 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.17 (2H, m (O)), 7.37 (3H, s (K)), 7.56 (3H, s (K)), 7.66 (3H, m (O)), 7.80 (3H, m (O)), 8.01(2H, m (K)), 12.26 (1H, s NH (O)), 12.34 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 39.80,79.38, 110.89, 111.49, 114.45, 121.47, 122.30, 122.54, 122.80, 123.49, 128.23, 130.97, 131.77, 132.37, 133.13, 135.50, 135.84, 137.67, 149.06, 153.84, 171.03, 194.90. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₁BrN₂O: C, 70.19; H, 4.78; N, 9.63. Found: C, 68.99; H, 4.83; N, 9.47.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)ethan-1-one (2h). Yellow solid; yield 1.32 g (77%); mp 211-213°C; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 4.70 (2H, s, CH₂CO (K)), 6.05 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.17 (2H, m (O)), 7.19 (3H, m (K)), 7.28 (1H, m (O)), 7.38 (1H, m (O)), 7.49 (3H, m (K)), 7.51 (1H, m (O)), 7.57 (1H, m (O)), 7.61 (1H, m (O)), 7.64 (2H, m (K)), 7.70 (1H, m (O)), 12.27 (1H, s, NH (O)), 12.34 (1H, s, NH (K)). ¹³C NMR δ 40.26, 79.54, 110.94, 112.63, 112.85, 114.38, 115.33, 115.55, 116.66, 116.87, 120.89, 121.10, 122.18, 122.72, 125.17, 130.79, 131.49, 131.93, 135.64, 141.34, 149.02, 153.81, 161.63, 164.05, 170.98, 194.66. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₁FN₂O: C, 73.26; H, 4.99; N, 10.05. Found: C, 73.37; H, 5.11; N, 10.22.

2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethan-1-one (2i). Orange solid; yield 1.7 g (95%); mp 159-161 (lit. 165-166 [8], 270-272 [22], 295-297°C [4, 5]); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆ from TMS) δ 6.13 (1H, s, CHO (O)), 7.20 (2H, m (O)), 7.41 (1H, s (O)), 7.59 (1H, s (O)), 8.11 (2H, m (O)), 8.30 (2H, m (O)), 12.39 (1H, s NH (O)).¹³C NMR δ 80.32, 111.06, 114.25, 122.99, 124.07, 131.75, 134.89, 145.06, 148.25, 153.45, 171.03. Anal. Calcd for C₁₅H₁₁N₃O₃: C, 71.87; H, 4.90; N, 10.85. Found: C, 71.77; H, 5.10; N, 10.94.

3.2. NMR Spectral Analysis

The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded for diluted DMSO-d₆ solution at 298 K on a Bruker Ascend 400 MHz spectrometer. The chemical shifts are referenced to the signal of internal TMS at δ=0.00 ppm. The ¹H, ¹³C and PFG ¹H,¹³C HMQC and HMBC spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 500 spectrometer equipped with an inverse detection probehead and z-gradient accessory working at 500.13 MHz and 125.77 MHz, respectively. The number of data points in PFG ¹H,¹³C HMQC and HMBC measurements were 1024 (f₂) x 256 (f₁). This matrix was zero filled to 2048 x 512 and apodized by a shifted sine bell window function along both axes prior to FT.

The solid state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 400 FT NMR spectrometer using the samples packed in 4.0 mm o.d. zirconia rotors. The samples were spun at 10 KHz rate and >1000 transients were accumulated. The FIDs are apodized by 10 Hz exponential window before FT. The shifts are referenced to the C=O signal of glycine standard at δ=176.03 ppm.

3.3. Quantum-Chemical Calculations

Geometries for the isolated molecules (vacuum) of the tautomers were optimized using the second order Möller-Plesset method (MP2) [23, 24]. Computations were carried out utilizing the split-valence triple-zeta basis sets 6-311+G(d,p) [25]. All calculations were realized with use of Gaussian 09 package [26].

4. Conclusions

In DMSO-d₆ solution, 2-phenacylbenzimidazoles (ketimine tautomeric form, K) are in equilibrium with (Z)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-phenylethen-1-ol (enolimine form, O). 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ylidene-1-phenylethanones (enaminones E) were not detected (our findings are different from those reported earlier by other authors [4]). The molar ratio of different forms in solution (based on the integrals of ¹H NMR signals) depends on substituent. Electron-acceptor substituents increase the acidic character of the methylene protons in the ketimine forms K. In consequence, the transfer of such a proton to the carbonyl oxygen is very easy in these compounds. The calculated energies of different tautomers prove the ketimine form K including the OH^…N hydrogen bond to be the most stable (both electron-donor and electron-acceptor substituents follow this rule). The enolimine tautomers O are always less stable than ketimines K. The most labile tautomer is always enaminone E. Enolimine tautomers O were detected by solid state ¹³C CPMAS NMR.

Data Availability

The NMR spectra and computational results data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by PL-Grid Infrastructure.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials in the manuscript include ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra for all of compounds (2 a-i) and DFT Cartesian coordinates for 2a, 2d, and 2i. (Supplementary Materials)

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