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Species delimitation and phylogeography of African tree populations of the genus Parkia (Fabaceae)

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Abstract

In the pantropical mimosoid legume genus Parkia, taxonomic classification has remained controversial in Africa due to clinal phenotypic variations. Three species (P. biglobosa, P. bicolor, and P. filicoidea) are currently recognized, ranging from West to East Africa, with partially overlapping ranges across different floristic regions. However, additional taxa (species or varieties) have been suggested by different authors. To assess species boundaries of African Parkia and phylogeographic patterns within species, we genotyped 889 individuals using 10 microsatellite markers and compared our results with existing morphological descriptions. Bayesian genetic clustering confirmed the species boundaries assessed from morphological traits and did not reveal introgression but identified genetic discontinuities within each species. Six moderately differentiated genetic clusters were recovered in P. biglobosa (pairwise FST: 0.05–0.19), while P. bicolor and P. filicoidea, each, displayed four well-differentiated clusters (FST: 0.18–0.41 and 0.11–0.34, respectively). Within each species, genetic clusters occurred in parapatry. Parkia biglobosa clusters were congruent with the longitudinal clinal variation in leaflets sizes but 26% of individuals presented admixed genotypes. Genetic clusters in P. bicolor and P. filicoidea followed environmental gradients as well as phytogeographic subdivisions. They were also largely congruent with morphological discontinuities described in previous taxonomic studies and < 10% individuals showed admixed genotypes. We conclude that only one species (P. biglobosa) should be considered in the Guineo-Sudanian savanna. However, P. bicolor and P. filicoidea might each represent a complex of (sub)species. Thus, the hypotheses of cryptic species within P. bicolor and P. filicoidea should be further investigated by testing reproductive barriers.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Dr. Hopkins HCF for her important morphological works on African Parkia and her useful advices. We finally appreciate the very good understanding of this work by the Associate Editor (Dr Gugerli F) and the two Reviewers. We thank them for their useful comments and improvements to this paper.

Funding

This research was supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) through a PhD fellowship (FRIA) attributed to ODA. The extensive field collection was partly supported by the International Foundation for Science (IFS) through the grant D/5656-1. Additional herbarium samples were provided by Meise Botanic Garden and Missouri Botanical Garden. Laboratory work was supported by the Belgian Science Policy Belspo (project AFRIFORD under the BRAIN program).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Evolutionary Biology and Ecology – CP 160/12, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Oscar D. Ahossou, Kasso Daïnou & Olivier J. Hardy

  2. Nature+ asbl / TERRA Research Centre, Central African Forests, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Kasso Daïnou

  3. School of Forestry and Wood Engineering, National University of Agriculture, BP 43, Kétou, Benin

    Kasso Daïnou

  4. Botanical Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium

    Steven B. Janssens

  5. Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Ludwig Triest

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  1. Oscar D. Ahossou
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  2. Kasso Daïnou
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  4. Ludwig Triest
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  5. Olivier J. Hardy
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oscar D. Ahossou.

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The microsatellite dataset is deposited in the TreeGenes database (https://treegenesdb.org).

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Ahossou, O.D., Daïnou, K., Janssens, S.B. et al. Species delimitation and phylogeography of African tree populations of the genus Parkia (Fabaceae). Tree Genetics & Genomes 16, 68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01463-x

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