Abstract
Growth of corundum in metamorphosed anorthosites and related basic-ultra-basic rocks is an exceptional feature, and its origin remains elusive. We describe the occurrence of and offer an explanation for the genesis of corundum in anorthositic amphibolites from ~2.5 Ga old basement of the Granulite Terrane of Southern India (GTSI). The studied amphibolites from two localities, Manavadi (MvAm) and Ayyarmalai (AyAm), contain anorthite lenses (An90–99) with euhedral to elliptical outline set in a finer-grained matrix of calcic plagioclase (An85–90) and aluminous amphibole (pargasite-magnesiohastingsite). The lenses, interpreted as primary magmatic megacrysts, and the matrix are both recrystallized under static condition presumably during the regional high pressure (HP) metamorphism (~800 °C, 8–11 kbar) at ~2.45 Ga. Corundum occurs in the core of some of the recrystallized anorthite lenses (An95–99) in two modes: (1) Dominantly, it forms aggregates with magnetite (with rare inclusion of hercynite; in MvAm) or spinel (and occasionally hematite-ilmenite; in AyAm). The aggregates cut across the polygonal grain boundaries of the anorthite and contain inclusions of anorthite. (2) Corundum also occurs along the grain boundaries or at the triple junctions of the polygonal anorthite grains, where it forms euhedral tabular grains, sieved with inclusions of anorthite or forms skeletal rims around the recrystallized anorthite, such that it seems to be intergrown with anorthite. Combined petrological data and computed phase relations are consistent with growth of corundum in an open system during regional metamorphism in the presence of intergranular fluids. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the formation of the corundum in the amphibolites: (1) corundum + magnetite/spinel aggregates formed dominantly by oxy-exsolution of pre-existing Al-Fe-Mg-(Ti)-spinel. This pre-existing spinel may be primary magmatic inclusions within the anorthite phenocrysts or could have formed due to reaction of primary magmatic inclusions of olivine with the host anorthite. Pseudosections of fO2-nH2O-T-P in the CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (CFMASH) system indicate that fO2 and H2O strongly influence the formation of corundum + amphibole from the initial magmatic assemblage of anorthite (phenocrysts) + spinel ± olivine (inclusions). (2) The corundum with anorthite presumably formed through desilification and decalcification of anorthite, as is indicated by computed phase relations in isobaric-isothermal chemical potential diagrams (μSiO2-μCaO) in parts of the CASH system. Growth of corundum in this mode is augmented by high activity of anorthite in plagioclase, high pressure, and low-to-medium temperature of metamorphism. This study thus presents a new viable mechanism for the origin of corundum in anorthositic amphibolites, and basic-ultra-basic rocks in general, which should provide new insight into lower crustal processes like high-pressure metamorphism.
Acknowledgments
S.K. and S.M. acknowledge the financial support from the University Grant Commission (UGC), India. U.D. acknowledges the Central Research Facility (CRF) hosted in IIT (ISM), Dhanbad. The authors thank Michael Raith and Pulak Sengupta for providing some of the initial samples for this work, and also for their time and comments during the preparation of this manuscript. The authors also sincerely appreciate the insightful comments of Gerhard Franz, Chris Yakymchuk, and an anonymous reviewer, which led to significant improvement of the manuscript.
References cited
Ahmed, A.H., and Gharib, M.E. (2018) Formation of corundum and associated mineral zones in the hybrid ultramafic-pegmatite association of the Neoproterozoic Hafafit core complex, South-Eastern Desert, Egypt. Ore Geology Reviews, 96, 72–97.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.008Search in Google Scholar
Berger, J., Féménias, O., Ohnenstetter, D., Plissart, G., and Mercier, J.C.C. (2010) Origin and tectonic significance of corundum-kyanite-sapphirine amphibolites from the Variscan French Massif Central. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 28, 341–360.10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00866.xSearch in Google Scholar
Bhaskar Rao, Y.J., Chetty, T.R.K., Janardhan, A.S., and Gopalan, K. (1996) Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr ages and P-T history of the Archean Sittampundi and Bhavani layered meta-anorthosite complexes in Cauvery shear zone, South India: evidence for Neoproterozoic reworking of Archean crust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 125, 237–250.10.1007/s004100050219Search in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, A., and Chandramouli, V. (2018) Detailed mineralogical and gemmological characterization of Sittampundi ruby, Tamil Nadu, India. Report, Geological Survey of India, FSP, 2016-2018, 1–115.Search in Google Scholar
Brandt, S., Raith, M.M., Schenk, V., Sengupta, P., Srikantappa, C., and Gerdes, A. (2014) Crustal evolution of the Southern Granulite Terrane, south India: New geochronological and geochemical data for felsic orthogneisses and granites. Precambrian Research, 246, 91–122.10.1016/j.precamres.2014.01.007Search in Google Scholar
Bucher, K., De Capitani, C., and Grapes, R. (2005) The development of a margarite corundum blackwall by metasomatic alteration of a slice of mica schist in ultramafic Rock, Kvesjoen, Norwegian caledonides. Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 129–156.10.2113/gscanmin.43.1.129Search in Google Scholar
Chowdhury, P., and Chakraborty, S. (2019) Slow cooling at high temperatures of high-P mafic granulites from the Southern Granulite Terrain, India: Implications for the presence and style of plate tectonics near the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Journal of Petrology, 60, 441–486.10.1093/petrology/egz001Search in Google Scholar
Chowdhury, P., Talukdar, M., Sengupta, P., Sanyal, S., and Mukhopadhyay, D. (2013) Controls of P-T path and element mobility on the formation of corundum pseudomorphs in Paleoproterozoic high-pressure anorthosite from Sittampundi, Tamil Nadu, India. American Mineralogist, 98, 1725–1737.10.2138/am.2013.4350Search in Google Scholar
Clark, C., Collins, A.S., Timms, N.E., Kinny, P.D., Chetty, T.R.K., and Santosh, M. (2009) SHRIMP U–Pb age constraints on magmatism and high-grade metamorphism in the Salem Block, southern India. Gondwana Research, 16, 27–36.10.1016/j.gr.2008.11.001Search in Google Scholar
Collins, A. S., Clark, C., and Plavsa, D. (2014) Peninsular India in Gondwana: The tectonothermal evolution of the Southern Granulite Terrain and its Gondwanan counterparts. Gondwana Research, 25, 190–203.10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.002Search in Google Scholar
Connolly, J. (2005) Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: a tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 236, 524–541.10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.033Search in Google Scholar
Connolly, J. (2009) The geodynamic equation of state: What and how. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, 1–19.10.1029/2009GC002540Search in Google Scholar
Dale, J., Holland, T., and Powell, R. (2000) Hornblende±garnet±plagioclase thermobarometry: a natural assemblage calibration of the thermodynamics of hornblende. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 353–362.10.1007/s004100000187Search in Google Scholar
Das, E., Karmakar, S., Dey, A., Karmakar, S., and Sengupta, P. (2017) Reaction textures, pressure–temperature paths and chemical dates of monazite from a new suite of sapphirine–spinel granulites from parts of the Eastern Ghats Province, India: insights into the final amalgamation of India and East Antarctica during the formation of Rodinia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 457, 141–170.10.1144/SP457.12Search in Google Scholar
Dutta, U., Bhui, U.K., Sengupta, P., Sanyal, S., and Mukhopadhyay, D. (2011) Magmatic and metamorphic imprints in 2.9 Ga chromitites from the Sittampundi layered complex, Tamil Nadu, India. Ore Geology Reviews, 40, 90–107.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.05.004Search in Google Scholar
Feig, S.T., Koepke, J., and Snow, J.E. (2006) Effect of water on tholeiitic basalt phase equilibria: an experimental study under oxidizing conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 152, 611–638.10.1007/s00410-006-0123-2Search in Google Scholar
Fernando, G., Hauzenberger, C.A., and Hofmeister, W. (2001) Origin of corundums in Sri Lanka: Evidences from case studies of in-situ deposits. Journal of Geological Society of Sri Lanka, 10, 37–47.Search in Google Scholar
Fernando, G.W.A.R., Dharmapriya, P.L., and Baumgartner, L.P. (2017) Silicaundersaturated reaction zones at a crust-mantle interface in the Highland Complex, Sri Lanka: Mass transfer and melt infiltration during high-temperature metasomatism. Lithos, 284-285, 237–256.10.1016/j.lithos.2017.04.011Search in Google Scholar
Ghosh, J.G., de Wit, M.J., and Zartman, R.E. (2004) Age and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in the Southern Granulite Terrain of India, with implications for Gondwana studies. Tectonics, 23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC00144410.1029/2002TC001444Search in Google Scholar
Giret, A., Bonin, B., and Leger, J.-M. (1980) Amphibole compositional trends in oversaturated and undersaturated alkaline plutonic ring-composition. Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 481–495.Search in Google Scholar
Glorie, S., De Grave, J., Singh, T., Payne, J.L., and Collins, A.S. (2014) Crustal root of the Eastern Dharwar Craton: Zircon U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotopic evolution of the East Salem Block, southeast India. Precambrian Research, 249, 229–246.10.1016/j.precamres.2014.05.017Search in Google Scholar
Goldsmith, J.R. (1980) The melting and breakdown reactions of anorthite at high pressures and temperatures. American Mineralogist, 65, 272–284.Search in Google Scholar
Goldsmith, J.R. (1982) Plagioclase stability at elevated temperatures and water pressures. American Mineralogist, 67, 653–675.Search in Google Scholar
Gordon, S.G. (2018) Desilicated granitic pegmatites. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 73, 169–192.Search in Google Scholar
Grew, E.S., Locock, A.J., Mills, S.J., Galuskina, I.O., Galuskin, E.V., and Hålenius, U. (2013) Nomenclature of the garnet supergroup. American Mineralogist, 98, 785–811.10.2138/am.2013.4201Search in Google Scholar
Hariya, Y., and Kennedy, G.C. (1968) Equilibrium study of anorthite under high pressure and high temperature. American Journal of Science, 266, 193–203.10.2475/ajs.266.3.193Search in Google Scholar
Hawthorne, F.C., and Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist, 44, 1–21.10.1515/9781501508523-003Search in Google Scholar
Hawthorne, F.C., and Oberti, R. (2007) Classification of the amphiboles. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 67, 55–88.10.1515/9781501508523-003Search in Google Scholar
Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G.E., Maresch, W.V., Martin, R.F., Schumacher, J.C., and Welch, M.D. (2012) Nomenclature of the amphibole super-group. American Mineralogist, 97, 2031–2048.10.2138/am.2012.4276Search in Google Scholar
Holland, T., and Powell, R. (1998) An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16, 309–343.10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00140.xSearch in Google Scholar
Huang, H. (2018) Geochemistry of the Mesoarchean Fiskenaesset anorthosite complex and associated tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses, southwestern Greenland, 1–199. Thesis, University of Windsor.Search in Google Scholar
Huang, H., Fryer, B.J., Polat, A., and Pan, Y. (2014) Amphibole, plagioclase and clinopyroxene geochemistry of the Archean Fiskenæsset Complex at Majorqap qâva, southwestern Greenland: Implications for Archean petrogenetic and geodynamic processes. Precambrian Research, 247, 64–91.10.1016/j.precamres.2014.03.021Search in Google Scholar
Jayananda, M., Moyen, J.F., Martin, H., Peucat, J.J., Auvray, B., and Mahabaleswar, B. (2000) Late Archaean (2550–2520 Ma) juvenile magmatism in the Eastern Dharwar craton, southern India: constraints from geochronology, Nd–Sr isotopes and whole rock geochemistry. Precambrian Research, 99, 225–254.10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00063-7Search in Google Scholar
Karmakar, S., Mukherjee, S., Sanyal, S., and Sengupta, P. (2017) Origin of peraluminous minerals (corundum, spinel, and sapphirine) in a highly calcic anorthosite from the Sittampundi Layered Complex, Tamil Nadu, India. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172, 1–23.10.1007/s00410-017-1383-8Search in Google Scholar
Keeditse, M., Rajesh, H.M., Belyanin, G.A., Fukuyama, M., and Tsunogae, T. (2017) Primary magmatic amphibole in Archaean meta-pyroxenite from the central zone of the Limpopo Complex, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 119, 607–622.10.2113/gssajg.119.4.607Search in Google Scholar
Keulen, N., and Kalvig, P. (2013) Fingerprinting of corundum (ruby) from Fiskanæsset, West Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 28, 53–56.10.34194/geusb.v28.4724Search in Google Scholar
Kohut, E.J., and Nielsen, R.L. (2003) Low-pressure phase equilibria of anhydrous anorthite-bearing mafic magmas. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 27 p. doi:10.1029/2002GC000451.10.1029/2002GC000451Search in Google Scholar
Kullerud, K., Nasipuri, P., Ravna, E.J.K., and Selbekk, R.S. (2012) Formation of corundum megacrysts during H2O-saturated incongruent melting of feldspar: P–T pseudosection-based modelling from the Skattøra migmatite complex, North Norwegian Caledonides. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 627–641.10.1007/s00410-012-0765-1Search in Google Scholar
Leake, B.E., Kato, A., Kisch, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J.O., Maresch, W.V., Schumacher, J.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., and Whittaker, E. J.W. (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 219–246.Search in Google Scholar
Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Birch, W.D., and Burke, E. (2004) Nomenclature of amphiboles: Additions and revisions to the International Mineralogical Association’s amphibole nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 89, 883–887.Search in Google Scholar
Liu, T.C., and Presnall, D.C. (1990) Liquidus phase relationships on the join anorthite-forsterite-quartz at 20 kbar with applications to basalt petrogenesis and igneous sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 104, 735–742.10.1007/BF01167290Search in Google Scholar
Médard, E., Schmidt, M.W., Schiano, P., and Ottolini, L. (2005) Melting of amphibole-bearing wehrlites: An experimental study on the origin of ultra-calcic nepheline-normative melts. Journal of Petrology, 47(3), 481–504.10.1093/petrology/egi083Search in Google Scholar
Meissner, B., Deters, P., Srikantappa, C., and Köhler, H. (2002) Geochronological evolution of the Moyar, Bhavani and Palghat shear zones of southern India: Implications for east Gondwana correlations. Precambrian Research, 114, 149–175.10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00222-4Search in Google Scholar
Mercier, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., and Ravolomiandrinarivo, B. (1999) Ruby mineralization in southwest Madagascar. Gondwana Research, 2(3), 433–438.10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70281-1Search in Google Scholar
Mohan, M.R., Satyanarayanan, M., Santosh, M., Sylvester, P. J., Tubrett, M., and Lam, R. (2013) Neoarchean suprasubduction zone arc magmatism in southern India: Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of the Sittampundi Anorthosite Complex. Gondwana Research, 23, 539–557.10.1016/j.gr.2012.04.004Search in Google Scholar
Molina, J.F., Scarrow, J.H., Montero, P.G., and Bea, F. (2009) High-Ti amphibole as a petrogenetic indicator of magma chemistry: evidence for mildly alkalichybrid melts during evolution of Variscan basic–ultrabasic magmatism of Central Iberia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158, 69–98.10.1007/s00410-008-0371-4Search in Google Scholar
Morishita, T. (2004) Possible non-melted remnants of subducted lithosphere: Experimental and geochemical evidence from corundum-bearing mafic rocks in the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Japan. Journal of Petrology, 45, 235–252.10.1093/petrology/egg105Search in Google Scholar
Morishita, T., and Arai, S. (2001) Petrogenesis of corundum-bearing mafic rock in the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Japan. Journal of Petrology, 42, 1279–1299.10.1093/petrology/42.7.1279Search in Google Scholar
Morishita, T., and Kodera, T. (1998) Finding of corundum-bearing gabbro boulder possibly derived from the Horoman Peridotite Complex, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 93, 52–63.10.2465/ganko.93.52Search in Google Scholar
Morishita, T., Arai, S., and Gervilla, F. (2001) High-pressure aluminous mafic rocks from the Ronda peridotite massif, southern Spain: significance of sapphirine-and corundum-bearing mineral assembleges. Lithos, 57, 143–161.10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00036-6Search in Google Scholar
Müntener, O., Kelemen, P.B., and Grove, T.L. (2001) The role of H2O during crystallization of primitive arc magmas under uppermost mantle conditions and genesis of igneous pyroxenites: an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 141, 643–658.10.1007/s004100100266Search in Google Scholar
Nielsen, R.L., Crum, J., Bourgeois, R., Hascall, K., Forsythe, L.M., Fisk, M.R., and Christie, D.M. (1995) Melt inclusions in high-An plagioclase from the Gorda Ridge: an example of the local diversity of MORB parent magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122, 34–50.10.1007/s004100050111Search in Google Scholar
Palke, A.C., Wong, J., Verdel, C., and Ávila, J.N. (2018) A common origin for Thai/ Cambodian rubies and blue and violet sapphires from Yogo Gulch, Montana, U.S.A.? American Mineralogist, 103, 469–479.10.2138/am-2018-6164Search in Google Scholar
Panjasawatwong, Y., Danyushevsky, L.V., Crawford, A.J., and Harris, K.L. (1995) An experimental study of the effects of melt composition on plagioclase-melt equilibria at 5 and 10 kbar: implications for the origin of magmatic high-An plagioclase. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 118, 420–432.10.1007/s004100050024Search in Google Scholar
Peucat, J.J., Vidal, P., Bernard-Griffiths, J., and Condie, K.C. (1989) Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic systematics in the Archean low- to high-grade transition zone of southern India: Syn-Accretion vs. Post-Accretion granulites. The Journal of Geology, 97, 537–549.10.1086/629333Search in Google Scholar
Peucat, J.J., Mahabaleswar, B., and Jayananda, M. (1993) Age of younger tonalitic magmatism and granulitic metamorphism in the South Indian transition zone (Krishnagiri area); comparison with older Peninsular gneisses from the Gorur– Hassan area. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 879–888.10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00197.xSearch in Google Scholar
Peucat, J.-J., Jayananda, M., Chardon, D., Capdevila, R., Fanning, C.M., and Paquette, J.-L. (2013) The lower crust of the Dharwar Craton, Southern India: Patchwork of Archean granulitic domains. Precambrian Research, 227, 4–28.10.1016/j.precamres.2012.06.009Search in Google Scholar
Plavsa, D., Collins, A.S., Foden, J.D., and Clark, C. (2015) The evolution of a Gondwanan collisional orogen: A structural and geochronological appraisal from the Southern Granulite Terrane, South India. Tectonics, 34, 820–857.10.1002/2014TC003706Search in Google Scholar
Polat, A., Fryer, B.J., Samson, I.M., Weisener, C., Appel, P.W.U., Frei, R., and Wind-ley, B.F. (2012) Geochemistry of ultramafic rocks and hornblendite veins in the Fiskenæsset layered anorthosite complex, SW Greenland: Evidence for hydrous upper mantle in the Archean. Precambrian Research, 214-215, 124–153.10.1016/j.precamres.2011.11.013Search in Google Scholar
Pouchou, J.L., and Pichoir, F. (1984) A new model for quantitative X‑ray microanalysis. I.—application to the analysis of homogeneous samples. La Recherche Aérospatiale, 3, 167–192.Search in Google Scholar
Raith, M.M., Srikantappa, C., Buhl, D., and Koehler, H. (1999) The Nilgiri enderbites, South India: nature and age constraints on protolith formation, high-grade metamorphism and cooling history. Precambrian Research, 98, 129–150.10.1016/S0301-9268(99)00045-5Search in Google Scholar
Raith, M.M., Rakotondrazafy, R., and Sengupta, P. (2008) Petrology of corundumspinel-sapphirine-anorthite rocks (sakenites) from the type locality in southern Madagascar. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 26, 647–667.10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00779.xSearch in Google Scholar
Raith, M.M., Sengupta, P., Spiering, B., and Srikantappa, C. (2010) Growth and breakdown of corundum in layered mafic complexes of the Palghat Cauvery Shear Zone, South India. Annual Meeting of Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Abstracts volume, 88, 331.Search in Google Scholar
Raith, M.M., Brandt, S., Sengupta, P., Berndt, J., and Srikantappa, C. (2016) Element mobility and behaviour of zircon during HT metasomatism of ferroan basic granulite at Ayyarmalai, South India: Evidence for polyphase Neoarchaean crustal growth and multiple metamorphism in the northeastern Madurai Province. Journal of Petrology, 57, 1729–1774.10.1093/petrology/egw057Search in Google Scholar
Rakotondrazafy, A.F.M., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Rakotosamizanany, S., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., and others (2008) Gem corundum deposits of Madagascar: A review. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 134–154.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.05.001Search in Google Scholar
Ranson, W.A. (2000) Margarite-corundum phyllites from the Appalachian orogen of South Carolina: Mineralogy and metamorphic history. American Mineralogist, 85, 1617–1624.10.2138/am-2000-11-1205Search in Google Scholar
Rapp, R.P., Watson, E.B., and Miller, C.F. (1991) Partial melting of amphibolite/ eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalites. Precambrian Research, 51, 1–25.10.1016/0301-9268(91)90092-OSearch in Google Scholar
Rollinson, H., Reid, C., and Windley, B. (2010) Chromitites from the Fiskenæsset anorthositic complex, West Greenland: clues to late Archaean mantle processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 338, 197–212.10.1144/SP338.10Search in Google Scholar
Sack, R.O., and Ghiorso, M.S. (1991) An internally consistent model for the thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg-titanomagnetite-aluminate spinels. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 415.10.1007/BF00325108Search in Google Scholar
Saitoh, Y., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., Chetty, T.R.K., and Horie, K. (2011) Neoarchean high-pressure metamorphism from the northern margin of the Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone, southern India: Petrology and zircon SHRIMP geochronology. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 42, 268–285.10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.11.015Search in Google Scholar
Schreyer, W., Werding, G., and Abraham, K. (1981) Corundum-fuchsite rocks in greenstone belts of southern Africa: Petrology, geochemistry, and possible origin. Journal of Petrology, 22, 191–231.10.1093/petrology/22.2.191Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta, P., Sen, J., Dasgupta, S., Raith, M., Bhui, U.K., and Ehl, J. (1999) Ultrahigh temperature metamorphism of metapelitic granulites from Kondapalle, Eastern Ghats Belt: Implications for the Indo-Antarctic correlation. Journal of Petrology, 40, 1065–1087.10.1093/petroj/40.7.1065Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta, P., Bhui, U.K., Braun, I., Dutta, U., and Mukhopadhyay, D. (2009) Chemical substitutions, paragenetic relations, and physical conditions of formation of hogbomite in the Sittampundi layered anorthosite complex, South India. American Mineralogist, 94, 1520–1534.10.2138/am.2009.3121Search in Google Scholar
Sengupta, P., Raith, M.M., Kooijman, E., Talukdar, M., Chowdhury, P., Sanyal, S., Mezger, K., and Mukhopadhyay, D. (2015) Provenance, timing of sedimentation and metamorphism of metasedimentary rock suites from the Southern Granulite Terrane, India. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 43, 297–308.10.1144/M43.20Search in Google Scholar
Sinton, C.W., Christie, D.M., Coombs, V.L., Nielsen, R.L., and Fisk, M.R. (1993) Near-primary melt inclusions in anorthite phenocrysts from the Galapagos Platfrom. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119, 527–537.10.1016/0012-821X(93)90060-MSearch in Google Scholar
Sisson, T.W., and Grove, T.L. (1993) Experimental investigations of the role of H2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 113, 143–166.10.1007/BF00283225Search in Google Scholar
Sours-Page, R., Johnson, K.T.M., Nielsen, R.L., and Karsten, J.L. (1999) Local and regional variation of MORB parent magmas: evidence from melt inclusions from the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134, 342–363.10.1007/s004100050489Search in Google Scholar
Takagi, D., Sato, H., and Nakagawa, M. (2005) Experimental study of a low-alkali tholeiite at 1–5 kbar: Optimal condition for the crystallization of high-An plagioclase in hydrous arc tholeiite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 149, 527–540.10.1007/s00410-005-0666-7Search in Google Scholar
Tenthorey, E.A., Ryan, J.G., and Snow, E.A. (1996) Petrogenesis of sapphirine-bearing metatroctolites from the Buck Creek ultramafic body, southern Appalachians. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 103–114.Search in Google Scholar
Torres-Roldan, R.L., Garcia-Casco, A., and Garcia-Sanchez, P.A. (2000) CSpace: An integrated workplace for the graphical and algebraic analysis of phase assemblages on 32-bit Wintel platforms. Computers & Geosciences, 26, 779–793.10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00006-6Search in Google Scholar
Vernon, R.H. (2004) A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511807206Search in Google Scholar
Waters, D. J. (1991) Hercynite-quartz granulites: phase relations, and implications for crustal processes. European Journal of Mineralogy, 3, 367–386.10.1127/ejm/3/2/0367Search in Google Scholar
Watkins, J.M., Clemens, J.D., and Treloar, P.J. (2007) Archaean TTGs as sources of younger granitic magmas: melting of sodic metatonalites at 0.6–1.2 GPa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 154, 91–110.10.1007/s00410-007-0181-0Search in Google Scholar
Whitney, D.L., and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187.10.2138/am.2010.3371Search in Google Scholar
Yakymchuk, C., and Szilas, K. (2018) Corundum formation by metasomatic reactions in Archean metapelite, SW Greenland: Exploration vectors for ruby deposits within high-grade greenstone belts. Geoscience Frontiers, 9, 727–749.10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.008Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, F.-F., Wang, X.-L., Sun, Z.-M., Chen, X., Zhou, X.-H., and Yang, T. (2018) Geochemistry and zircon-apatite U-Pb geochronology of mafic dykes in the Shuangxiwu area: Constraints on the initiation of Neoproterozoic rifting in South China. Precambrian Research, 309, 138–151.10.1016/j.precamres.2017.04.008Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
