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Sustainable and conventional intensification: how gendered livelihoods influence farming practice adoption in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta

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Abstract

The Vietnamese Mekong River Delta emerged as a rice production giant in the 1990s. Currently, the Vietnamese government is attempting to reduce environmental impacts resulting from the triple annual rice crop regime. This article explores how gender influences farming practice adoption using household livelihood survey data from Tien Giang Province. Each farm is disaggregated into male-managed, female-managed, and jointly managed plots. The study uses correlation to explore how sustainable intensification (SI) and conventional intensification (CI) practices are applied in complementary packages, and then a binary logistic regression to determine if livelihood approaches within households influence adoption of farming practices. The study finds that CI practices are more than twice as popular as SI practices, and that CI and SI practices are adopted in pairs that complement each other. The research also shows that gendered plot management is directly associated with SI and CI practice adoption, including decreased fertilizer use (p < .0005) and increased pesticide use (p = .047) on male-managed plots; and decreased likelihood of using organic fertilizers or compost (p = .013) or adopting integrated pest management (p = .004) on female-managed plots. Across all SI and CI practices, there is a significant indirect gendered impact due to unequal access between the sexes to natural and human capitals that are associated with increased SI adoption, such as education and extension trainings. This research contributes empirical evidence toward understanding the tension between CI and SI practice adoption and uniquely explores the gendered implications of the recent SI push in Vietnamese agriculture.

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Notes

  1. The phrases “triple burden” and “triple oppression” have been used in a variety of contexts to describe intersecting social burdens put upon women, women of color, queer men, and other historically marginalized groups. Within the SI debate, the “triple burden” refers to threats to food security posed by intensified agriculture including under-nutrition, malnutrition, and over-nutrition (Pretty and Bharucha 2014). In this context, it is being repurposed to describe the economic and social pressure that has manifested in a treadmill of production for Vietnamese men in the Mekong Delta. It is not to say that men are necessarily victims in this context, but that they are at the mercy of larger processes that drive production practices on their farms from a national and regional economic context.

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Acknowledgements

The research team would like to acknowledge academic support and guidance in the design of this project from Dr. Jeffrey Bury and Dr. Andrew Szasz; support from Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh City; for edits on earlier drafts from Dr. Kanokwan Manorom and David Blake; and funding from the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Australian Aid (Grant #MK32).

Funding

Dr. Lovell received funding for this project from the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Australian Aid (Grant #MK32).

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  1. Sociology Department, Manhattan College, the Bronx, USA

    Robin J. Lovell

  2. Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA

    Carol Shennan

  3. Department of Rural Development, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Nguyen Ngoc Thuy

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Lovell, R.J., Shennan, C. & Thuy, N.N. Sustainable and conventional intensification: how gendered livelihoods influence farming practice adoption in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 7089–7116 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00905-9

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