Abstract
In this paper the design and analysis of two dimensional photonic crystals based all optical AND logic gate is investigated. A logic gate implements a Boolean function and thus performs a logical operation on one or several logic inputs in order to produce a single logic input. The proposed all optical AND gate is designed with line and point defect using a hexagonal lattice with “Y” shaped defect. In order to meet the requirements for high speed networks the proposed gate designed. The functional parameters such as contrast ratio, bit rate, normalized efficiency and response time are calculated. The performance of the AND gate is analyzed by using the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The proposed logic gate is designed to operate at 1550 nm. It provides high contrast ratio and minimum delay time. Hence it is suitable for optical sensors and optical integrated circuits.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
[1] P. Rani, Y. kalra, and R. K. Sinha, “Design of all optical logic gates in photonic crystal waveguides,” Optik, vol. 126, no. 9, pp. 950–955, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.03.003.Search in Google Scholar
[2] A. Salmanpour, A. Bahrami, and S. Mohammadnejad, “Photonic crystal logic gates an overview,” Opti Quant. Electron., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 2249–2275, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-014-0102-1.Search in Google Scholar
[3] A. Pashamehr, M. Zavvari, and H. Alipour-Banaei, “All - optical AND/OR/NOT logic gates based on photonic crystal ring resonators,” Front. Optoelectron., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 578–584, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-016-0513-7.Search in Google Scholar
[4] K. E. Stubkjaer, “Semiconductor optical amplifier based all optical logic gates for high speed optical processing,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1428–1435, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.902198.Search in Google Scholar
[5] K. K. Upadhyay, V. Arun, S. Srivastava, N. K. Mishra, and N. K. Shukla, “Design and performance analysis of reversible XOR logic gates,” in Recent trends in Communication Computing and Electronics, 2019, pp. 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2685-1_4.Search in Google Scholar
[6] S. K. Ajaykumar and S. Raghuwan, “Implementation of XOR/XNOR & AND logic gates by using Mach-Zehnder interferometers,” Optik, vol. 125, no. 19, pp. 5764–5767, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.07.037.Search in Google Scholar
[7] E. Haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Multimode interference based photonic crystal logic gates with simple structure and improved contrast ratio,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 140–148, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0683-7.Search in Google Scholar
[8] M. Noori and N. Soroosh, “A comprehensive comparison of photonic band gap and self-collimation base 2D square array waveguides,” Optik, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 4775–4781, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.08.082.Search in Google Scholar
[9] H. Alipour Banaei, “Optical wavelength demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 146–150, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-014-0483-x.Search in Google Scholar
[10] K. Venkatachalam, S. Robinson, and S. K. Dhamodharan, “Performance analysis of an eight channel demultiplexersusing a 2D photonic crystal quasi square ring resonator,” Opto Electron Rev., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 74–79, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2017.05.003.Search in Google Scholar
[11] R. Rajasekar, R. Latha, and S. Robinson, “Ultra contrast ratio optical encoder using photonic crystal waveguide,” Mater. Lett., vol. 251, pp. 144–147, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.05.040.Search in Google Scholar
[12] F. Haddadan and M. Soroosh, “Low power all optical 8 to 3 encoder using photonic crystal based waveguides,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 83–89, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-018-0795-3.Search in Google Scholar
[13] S. Khosravi and M. Zavvari, “Design and analysis of integrated all optical 2*4 decoder based on 2D photonic crystal,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 122–128, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-017-0724-x.Search in Google Scholar
[14] T. Betsy Saral, S. Robinson, and R. Arunkumar, “Two dimensional photonic crystal based compact power splitters,” Int. J. Photon. Opt. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1–5, 2016.Search in Google Scholar
[15] S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran, “PCRR based bandpass filter for C and L+U bands of ITU-T G.694.2 CWDM systems’,” Optic. Photon. J., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 142–149, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4236/opj.2011.13024.Search in Google Scholar
[16] S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran, “Couple mode theory analysis for circular photonic crystal ring resonant or based add drop filter,” Opt. Eng., vol. 51, no. 11, p. 114001, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.51.11.114001.Search in Google Scholar
[17] R. Rajasekar, K. Parameshwari, and S. Robinson, “Nano optical switch based on photonic crystal based ring resonator,” Plasmonics, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1687–1697, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-019-00955-4.Search in Google Scholar
[18] T. Suganya and S. Robinson, “2D photonic crystal based biosensor using rhombic ring resonator for glucose monitoring,” ICTACT Microelectron, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 349–353, 2017, https://doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2017.0061.Search in Google Scholar
[19] R. Arunkumar, T. Suganya, and S. Robinson, “Design and analysis of photonic crystal elliptical ring resonator based pressure sensors,” Photon. Opt. Technol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30–33, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[20] K. V. Shanthi and S. Robinson, “Two dimensional photonic crystal based sensor for pressure sensing,” Photonic Sens., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 248–253, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-014-0198-8.Search in Google Scholar
[21] W. Liu, D. Yang, G. Shen, H. Tian, and Y. Ji, “Design of ultra-compact all-optical XOR, XNOR,NAND and OR gates using photonic crystal multi-mode interference waveguides,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 50, pp. 55–64, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.12.030.Search in Google Scholar
[22] M. Pirzadi, A. Mir, and D. Bodaghi, “Realization of ultra-accurate and compact all-optical Photonic crystal OR logic gate,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 282, no. 1, pp. 2387–2390, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2016.2596580.Search in Google Scholar
[23] E. Haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Realization of XNOR logic function with all-optical high contrast XOR and NOT gates,” Opto-Electron. Rev., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 63–72, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2018.01.003.Search in Google Scholar
[24] A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, and B. Ali, “All optical Photonic crystal AND,XOR, and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators,” J. Mod. Opt., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 693–700, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2014.1003256.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Y. Ishizaka, Y. Kawaguchi, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba, “Design of ultra-compact all optical XOR &AND logic gates with low power consumption,” Optic Commun., vol. 284, no. 14, pp. 3528–3533, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.03.069.Search in Google Scholar
[26] E. haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Design of Photonic crystal based all optical AND gate using T shaped waveguide,” J. Mod. Opt., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 941–949, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1111455.Search in Google Scholar
[27] K. Goudarzi, M. Ali, I. Chaharmahali, and D. Goudarzi, “All optical XOR and OR logic gates based on line and point defects in 2-D photonic crystal,” Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 78, pp. 139–142, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.10.013.Search in Google Scholar
[28] A. M. Tamer, “All Optical XNOR gate based on 2D Photonic Crystal ring resonator,” Quant. Electron., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 169–172, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1070/qel16279.Search in Google Scholar
[29] H. M. E. Hussien, T. A. Ali, and H. N. Rafat, “New designs of a complete set of Photonic crystals logic gates,” Optic Commun., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 175–181, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.11.043.Search in Google Scholar
[30] H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, and F. Mehdizade, “All optical NOR and NAND gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonant cavity,” Optik, vol. 125, no. 19, pp. 5701–5704, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.06.013.Search in Google Scholar
[31] F. Parandin and M. M. Karkhanehchi, “Terahertz all-optical NOR& AND logic gates based on 2D photonic crystals,” Superlattice. Microst., vol. 101, pp. 253–260, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2016.11.038.Search in Google Scholar
[32] A. Kumar, M. M. Gupta, and S. Medhekar, “All optical NOT & AND gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonant cavity,” Optik, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 164–169, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.042.Search in Google Scholar
[33] M. Ghadrdan and M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, “Concurrent implementation of all-optical half-adder AND& XOR logic gates based on nonlinear photonic crystal,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1027–1036, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-013-9713-1.Search in Google Scholar
[34] P. Andalib and N. Granpayeh, “All-optical ultracompact photonic crystal AND gate based on nonlinear ring resonators,” J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.26.000010.Search in Google Scholar
[35] M. Danaie and K. Hassan, “Design and simulation of an all optical photonic crystal AND gate using nonlinear Kerr effect,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 202, no. 44, pp. 27–34, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-011-9527-y.Search in Google Scholar
[36] E. haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Improved design of all- optical photonic crystal logic gates using T-shaped waveguide,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 48, no. 3, p. 335, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0279-y.Search in Google Scholar
[37] A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, and P. T. Omran, “All optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 3689–3703, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0238-7.Search in Google Scholar
[38] B. R. Singh and S. Rawal, “Photonic crystal based all optical NOT logic gate,” J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 2260–2263, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.32.002260.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[39] J. K. Jayabharathan, G. Subhalakshmi, and S. Robinson, “Performance evaluation of two dimensional photonic crystal all optical AND/OR logic gates,” J. Opt. Commun., vol. 39, no. 3, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2018-0105.Search in Google Scholar
[40] A. Kumar and S. Medhekar, “All optical NOT and NOR gates using interference in the structures based on 2D linear photonic crystal ring resonator,” Optik, vol. 179, pp. 237–243, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.188.Search in Google Scholar
[41] A. Mohebzadeh Bahabady and S. Olyaee, 2018, “Designing low power and high contrast ratio all-optical NOT logic gate for using in optical integrated circuits,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1715-6.Search in Google Scholar
[42] A. Kotb, K. E. Zoiros, and C. Guo, “160 Gb/s photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier-based all-optical logic NAND gate,” Photonic Netw. Commun., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 246–255, 2018.10.1007/s11107-018-0776-6Search in Google Scholar
[43] S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, “Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra compactedsize,” Opt. Quant. Electron., vol. 51, no. 11, p. 385, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1654-2.Search in Google Scholar
[44] E. haq Shaik and N. Rangaswamy, “Realization of all optical NAND and NOR logic functions with photonic crystal based NOT, OR and AND gates using De Morgan’s theorem,” J. Opt., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 8–21, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-017-0441-y.Search in Google Scholar
[45] P. Rani, Y. Kalra, and R. K. Sinha, “Realization of AND gate in photonic crystal waveguide,” Optic Commun., vol. 298–299, no. 1, pp. 227–231, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.02.014.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
