Abstract
Infection rates and mortality associated with the invasive fungi Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus are increasing rapidly in prevalence. Meanwhile, screening pressure brought about by traditional antifungal drugs has induced an increase in drug resistance of invasive fungi, which creates a great challenge for the preservation of physical health. Development of new drugs and novel strategies are therefore important to meet these growing challenges. Recent studies have confirmed that the dynamic balance of microorganisms in the body is correlated with the occurrence of infectious diseases. This discovery of interactions between bacteria and fungi provides innovative insight for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. However, different invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria interact with each other through various ways and targets, leading to different effects on their growth, morphology, and virulence. And the mechanism and implication of these interactions remains largely unknown. The present review aims to summarize the research progress into the interaction between invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria with a focus on the anti-fungal mechanisms of symbiotic bacteria, providing a new strategy against drug-resistant fungal infections.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdulkareem AF, Lee HH, Ahmadi M, Martinez LR (2015) Fungal serotype-specific differences in bacterial-yeast interactions. Virulence 6:652–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.1066962
Adam B, Baillie GS, Douglas LJ (2002) Mixed species biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Med Microbiol 51:344–349. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-51-4-344
Azevdo MA, de Lurdes Pereira M, Araujo R, Ramalho C, Zaura E, Sampaio-Maia B (2020) Influence of delivery and feeding mode in oral fungi colonization–a systematic review. Microb Cell 7(2):36–45. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2020.02.706
Balhara M, Ruhil S, Kumar M, Dhankhar S, Chhillar AK (2014) Inhibition of conidiophore development in Aspergillus fumigatus by an Escherichia coli DH5α strain, a promising antifungal candidate against aspergillosis. J Mycol Med 24(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.07.055
Bamford CV, D’Mello A, Nobbs AH, Dutton LC, Vickerman MM, Jenkinson HF (2009) Streptococcus gordonii modulates Candida albicans biofilm formation through intergeneric communication. Infect Immun 77(9):3696–3704. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00438-09
Bandara HM, BP KC, Watt RM, Jin LJ, Samaranayake LP (2013) Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide inhibits Candida albicans hyphae formation and alters gene expression during biofilm development. Mol Oral Microbiol 28(1):54–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/omi.12006
Bandara HMHN, Yau JYY, Watt RM, Jin LJ, Samaranayake LP (2009) Escherichia coli and its lipopolysaccharide modulate in vitro Candida biofilm formation. J Med Microbiol 58(Pt 12):1623–1631. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.012989-0
Bays DJ, Thompson GR (2019) Fungal infections of the stem cell transplant recipient and hematologic malignancy patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33(2):545–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.006
Benoit I, van den Esker MH, Patyshakuliyeva A, Mattern DJ, Blei F, Zhou M, Dijksterhuis J, Brakhage AA, Kuipers OP, de Vries RP, Kovacs AT (2015) Bacillus subtilis attachment to Aspergillus niger hyphae results in mutually altered metabolism. Environ Microbiol 17(6):2099–2113. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12564
Bergeron AC, Seman BG, Hammond JH, Archambault LS, Hogan DA, Wheeler RT (2017) Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa interact to enhance virulence of mucosal infection in transparent zebrafish. Infect Immun 85(11):e00475–e00417. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00475-17
Bhattacharyya S, Gupta P, Banerjee G, Jain A, Singh M (2014) Inhibition of biofilm formation and lipase in Candida albicans by culture filtrate of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 4:S27–S30. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-516x.140721
Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW (2017) Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J Fungi (Basel) 3(4):e57. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof3040057
Cabral DJ, Penumutchu S, Norris C, Morones-Ramirez JR, Belenky P (2018) Microbial competition between Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reveals a soluble fungicidal factor. Microb Cell 5(5):249–255. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2018.05.631
Chew SY, Cheah YK, Seow HF, Sandai D, Than LT (2015) Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 exhibit strong antifungal effects against vulvovaginal candidiasis-causing Candida glabrata isolates. J Appl Microbiol 118:1180–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12772
Chrétien F, Lortholary O, Kansau I, Neuville S, Gray F, Dromer F (2002) Pathogenesis of cerebral Cryptococcus neoformans infection after fungemia. J Infect Dis 186(4):522–530. https://doi.org/10.1086/341564
Córdova-Dávalos L, Escobedo-Chávez K, Evangelista-Martínez Z (2018) Inhibition of Candida albicans cell growth and biofilm formation by a bioactive extract produced by soil Streptomyces strain GCAL-25. Arch Biol Sci 70(2):387–396. https://doi.org/10.2298/abs170908057c
Crowley S, Mahony J, Morrissey JP, van Sinderen D (2013) Transcriptomic and morphological profiling of Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 in response to antifungal activity produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 16. Microbiology 159(Pt 10):2014–2024. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.068742-0
Cruz MR, Graham CE, Gagliano BC, Lorenz MC, Garsin DA (2013) Enterococcus faecalis inhibits hyphal morphogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 81(1):189–200. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00914-12
De Brucker K, Tan Y, Vints K, De Cremer K, Braem A, Verstraeten N, Michiels J, Vleugels J, Cammue BP, Thevissen K (2015) Fungal β-1,3-glucan increases ofloxacin tolerance of Escherichia coli in a polymicrobial E. coli-Candida albicans biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59(6):305–3058. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.04650-14
Dhamgaye S, Murray GL, Peleg AY (2015) The influence of bacterial interaction on the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Virulence 6(7):677–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.1088632
Diaz PI, Strausbaugh LD, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A (2014) Fungal-bacterial interactions and their relevance to oral health: linking the clinic and the bench. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00101
Diaz PI, Xie Z, Sobue T, Thompson A, Biyikoglu B, Ricker A, Ikonomou L, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A (2012) Synergistic interaction between Candida albicans and commensal oral streptococci in a novel in vitro mucosal model. Infect Immun 80(2):620–632. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.05896-11
do Carmo MS, Noronha FM, Arruda MO, Costa EP, Bomfim MR, Monteiro AS, Ferro TA, Fernandes ES, Giron JA, Monteiro-Neto V (2016) Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 23271 displays in vitro inhibitory activities against Candida spp. Front Microbiol 7:1722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01722
Dusane DH, Pawar VS, Nancharaiah YV, Venugopalan VP, Kumar AR, Zinjarde SS (2011) Anti-biofilm potential of a glycolipid surfactant produced by a tropical marine strain of Serratia marcescens. Biofouling 27(6):645–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2011.594883
Er S, İstanbullu Tosun A, Arık G, Kıvanç M (2019) Anticandidal activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the vagina. Turk J Med Sci 49(1):375–383. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1709-143
Fairlamb AH, Gow NA, Matthews KR, Waters AP (2016) Drug resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Microbiol 1(7):16092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.92
Farrer RA, Voelz K, Henk DA, Johnston SA, Fisher MC, May RC, Cuomo CA (2016) Microevolutionary traits and comparative population genomics of the emerging pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371(1709):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0021
Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, Conlan S, Deming C, Meyer JA, Schoenfeld D, Nomicos E, Park M, Kong HH, Segre JA (2013) Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature 498(7454):367–370. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12171
Garsin DA, Lorenz MC (2013) Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis in the gut: synergy in commensalism? Gut Microbes 4(5):409–415. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.26040
Gonçalves SM, Lagrou K, Duarte-Oliveira C, Maertens JA, Cunha C, Carvalho A (2017) The microbiome-metabolome crosstalk in the pathogenesis of respiratory fungal diseases. Virulence 8(6):673–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1257458
Graham CE, Cruz MR, Garsin DA, Lorenz MC (2017) Enterococcus faecalis bacteriocin EntV inhibits hyphal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and virulence of Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(17):4507–4512. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620432114
Harriott MM, Noverr MC (2009) Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus form polymicrobial biofilms: effects on antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(9):3914–3922. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00657-09
Harriott MM, Noverr MC (2011) Importance of Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms in disease. Trends Microbiol 19(11):557–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.07.004
Hogan DA, Kolter R (2002) Pseudomonas-Candida interactions: an ecological role for virulence factors. Science 296(5576):2229–2232. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070784
Hogan DA, Vik A, Kolter R (2004) A Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule influences Candida albicans morphology. Mol Microbiol 54:1212–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04349.x
Hunsaker EW, Franz KJ (2019) Copper potentiates azole antifungal activity in a way that does not involve complex formation. Dalton Trans 48(26):9645–9662. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt00642g
Huseyin CE, O’Toole PW, Cotter PD, Scanlan PD (2017) Forgotten fungi-the gut mycobiome in human health and disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41(4):479–511. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw047
Ikeda R (2011) Possible participation of the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinase pathway in the cell death of Cryptococcus neoformans caused by Staphylococcus aureus adherence. Microbiol Immunol 55(8):552–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00356.x
Iliev ID, Leonardi I (2017) Fungal dysbiosis: immunity and interactions at mucosal barriers. Nat Rev Immunol 17(10):635–646. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.55
Jiang TT, Shao TY, Ang WXG, Kinder JM, Turner LH, Pham G, Whitt J, Alenghat T, Way SS (2017) Commensal fungi recapitulate the protective benefits of intestinal bacteria. Cell Host Microbe 22(6):809–816.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.013
Kamei K, Watanabe A (2005) Aspergillus mycotoxins and their effect on the host. Med Mycol 43(Suppl 1):S95–S99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780500051547
Kato H, Yoshimura Y, Suido Y, Ide K, Sugiyama Y, Matsuno K, Nakajima H (2018) Prevalence of, and risk factors for, hematogenous fungal endophthalmitis in patients with Candida bloodstream infection. Infection 46(5):635–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1163-z
Kim JD (2005) Antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi against Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycobiology 33(4):214. https://doi.org/10.4489/myco.2005.33.4.210
Kong EF, Tsui C, Kucharikova S, Andes D, Van Dijck P, Jabra-Rizk MA (2016) Commensal protection of Staphylococcus aureus against antimicrobials by Candida albicans biofilm matrix. mBio 7(5):e01365–e01316. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01365-16
Kostoulias X, Murray GL, Cerqueira GM, Kong JB, Bantun F, Mylonakis E, Khoo CA, Peleg AY (2016) Impact of a cross-kingdom signaling molecule of Candida albicans on Acinetobacter baumannii physiology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60(1):161–167. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01540-15
Kumamoto CA (2016) The fungal mycobiota: small numbers, large impacts. Cell Host Microbe 19(6):750–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.05.018
Larkin E, Hager C, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Retuerto M, Salem I, Long L, Isham N, Kovanda L, Borroto-Esoda K, Wring S, Angulo D, Ghannoum M (2017) The emerging pathogen Candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61(5):e02396–e02316. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02396-16
Leão MV, Gonçalves e Silva CR, Santos SS, Leite PG (2015) Lactobacillus rhamnosus may change the virulence of Candida albicans. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 37(9):417–420. https://doi.org/10.11606/d.23.2011.tde-11062013-194541
Liang W, Guan G, Dai Y, Cao C, Tao L, Du H, Nobile CJ, Zhong J, Huang G (2016) Lactic acid bacteria differentially regulate filamentation in two heritable cell types of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 102(3):506–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.13475
Limon JJ, Skalski JH, Underhill DM (2017) Commensal fungi in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe 22(2):156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.002
Lohse MB, Gulati M, Johnson AD, Nobile CJ (2018) Development and regulation of single- and multi-species Candida albicans biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 16(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.107
Lopez-Medina E, Fan D, Coughlin LA, Ho EX, Koh AY (2015) Candida albicans inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence through suppression of pyochelin and pyoverdine biosynthesis. PLoS Pathog 11(8):e1005129. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005129
Manrique P, Dills M, Young MJ (2017) The human gut phage community and its implications for health and disease. Viruses 9(6):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9060141
Martinez RC, Seney SL, Summers KL, Nomizo A, De Martinis EC, Reid G (2009) Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the ability of Candida albicans to infect cells and induce inflammation. Microbiol Immunol 53(9):487–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00154.x
Mason KL, Erb Downward JR, Mason KD, Falkowski NR, Eaton KA, Kao JY, Young VB, Huffnagle GB (2012) Candida albicans and bacterial microbiota interactions in the cecum during recolonization following broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Infect Immun 80(10):3371–3380. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00449-12
Matsubara VH, Wang Y, Bandara HMHN, Mayer MPA, Samaranayake LP (2016) Probiotic lactobacilli inhibit early stages of Candida albicans biofilm development by reducing their growth, cell adhesion, and filamentation. Appl Microbiol Biot 100(14):6415–6426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7527-3
Matsuda Y, Cho O, Sugita T, Ogishima D, Takeda S (2018) Culture supernatants of Lactobacillus gasseri and L. crispatus inhibit Candida albicans biofilm formation and adhesion to HeLa Cells. Mycopathologia 183(4):691–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-018-0259-4
Mayer FL, Kronstad JW (2017a) Breaking the bad: Bacillus blocks fungal virulence factors. Microb Cell 4(11):384–386. https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2017.11.599
Mayer FL, Kronstad JW (2017b) Disarming fungal pathogens: Bacillus safensis inhibits virulence factor production and biofilm formation by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. mBio 8(5):e01537–e01517. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01537-17
Mayer FL, Kronstad JW (2019) The spectrum of interactions between Cryptococcus neoformans and bacteria. J Fungi (Basel) 5(2):e31. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5020031
Méar JB, Kipnis E, Faure E, Dessein R, Schurtz G, Faure K, Guery B (2013) Candida albicans and pseudomonas aeruginosa interactions: more than an opportunistic criminal association? Médecine. Et Maladies Infectieuses 43(4):146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2013.02.005
Morales DK, Grahl N, Okegbe C, Dietrich LE, Jacobs NJ, Hogan DA (2013) Control of Candida albicans metabolism and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazines. mBio 4(1):e00526–e00512. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00526-12
Nazik H, Moss RB, Karna V, Clemons KV, Banaei N, Cohen K, Choudhary V, Stevens DA (2017) Are cystic fibrosis Aspergillus fumigatus isolates different? intermicrobial interactions with Pseudomonas. Mycopathologia 182:315–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0087-3
Nguyen LN, Lopes LC, Cordero RJ, Nosanchuk JD (2011) Sodium butyrate inhibits pathogenic yeast growth and enhances the functions of macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 66(11):2573–2580. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr358
Nishanth Kumar S, Nisha GV, Sudaresan A, Venugopal VV, Sree Kumar MM, Lankalapalli RS, Dileep Kumar BS (2014) Synergistic activity of phenazines isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in combination with azoles against Candida species. Med Mycol 52:482–490. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myu012
Páraic óC, Rabina G, Hoedt EC, Mcguckin MA, Jakob B, Mark M (2018) Enterococcus faecalis AHG0090 is a genetically tractable bacterium and produces a secreted peptidic bioactive that suppresses nuclear factor kappa b activation in human gut epithelial cells. Front Immunol 9:790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00790
Paul S, Kannan I (2019) Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species isolated from HIV infected patients with candidiasis. Curr Med Mycol 5(1):21–26. https://doi.org/10.18502/cmm.5.1.533
Perlin DS, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Alastruey-Izquierdo A (2017) The global problem of antifungal resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management. Lancet Infect Dis 17(12):e383–e392. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30316-x
Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, O’May GA, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME (2012) Polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 25(1):193–213. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00013-11
Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, Scheper MA, Leid JG, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME (2010) Microbial interactions and differential protein expression in Staphylococcus aureus-Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 59(3):493–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00710.x
Prieto D, Correia I, Pla J, Roman E (2016) Adaptation of Candida albicans to commensalism in the gut. Fut Microbiol 11(4):567–583. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.16.1
Ramírez Granillo A, Canales MG, Espíndola ME, Martínez Rivera MA, de Lucio VM, Tovar AV (2015) Antibiosis interaction of Staphylococccus aureus on Aspergillus fumigatus assessed in vitro by mixed biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol 15(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-015-0363-2
Rautela R, Singh AK, Shukla A, Cameotra SS (2014) Lipopeptides from Bacillus strain AR2 inhibits biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 105(5):809–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-014-0135-2
Reece E, Doyle S, Greally P, Renwick J, McClean S (2018) Aspergillus fumigatus inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa in co-culture: implications of a mutually antagonistic relationship on virulence and inflammation in the CF airway. Front Microbiol 9:1205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01205
Reichhardt C, Stevens DA, Cegelski L (2016) Fungal biofilm composition and opportunities in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 8(12):1455–1468. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2016-0049
Rella A, Yang MW, Gruber J, Montagna MT, Luberto C, Zhang YM, Del Poeta M (2012) Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus species. Mycopathologia 173(5–6):451–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9494-7
Ribeiro FC, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO (2017) Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits Candida albicans virulence factors in vitro and modulates immune system in Galleria mellonella. J Appl Microbiol 122(1):201–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13324
Richard ML, Sokol H (2019) The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases. Nat Rev Gastro Hepat 16:331–345. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0121-2
Robbins N, Caplan T, Cowen LE (2017) Molecular evolution of antifungal drug resistance. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:753–775. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020345
Robinett NG, Culbertson EM, Peterson RL, Sanchez H, Andes DR, Nett JE, Culotta VC (2019) Exploiting the vulnerable active site of a copper-only superoxide dismutase to disrupt fungal pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 294(8):2700–2713. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.007095
Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, de Alvarenga JA, Ribeiro FC, Velloso MDS, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC (2018) Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. Biofouling 34(2):212–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2018.1425402
Rossoni RD, Fuchs BB, de Barros PP, Velloso MD, Jorge AO, Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E (2017) Lactobacillus paracasei modulates the immune system of Galleria mellonella and protects against Candida albicans infection. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0173332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173332
Sadeghi G, Ebrahimi-Rad M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Jahanshiri Z, Ardakani EM, Eslamifar A, Mousavi SF, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M (2019) Cutaneous candidiasis in Tehran-Iran: from epidemiology to multilocus sequence types, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of etiologic Candida species. Iran J Microbiol 11:267–279. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v11i4.1463
Saito F, Ikeda R (2005) Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by Staphylococcus aureus: the role of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide in the fungal-bacteria interaction. Med Mycol 43(7):603–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780500078417
Sam QH, Chang MW, Chai LY (2017) The fungal mycobiome and its interaction with gut bacteria in the host. Int J Mol Sci 18(2):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020330
Sass G, Nazik H, Penner J, Shah H, Clemons KV, Groleau MC, Dietl AM, Visca P, Haas H, Déziel E, Stevens DA (2017) Studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants indicate pyoverdine as the central factor in inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm. J Bacteriol 4(suppl_1):S116–S116. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00345-17
Sherry L, Ramage G, Kean R, Borman A, Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Rautemaa-Richardson R (2017) Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant Candida auris. Emerg Infect Dis 23(2):328–331. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2302.161320
Shively CA, Register TC, Appt SE, Clarkson TB, Uberseder B, Clear KYJ, Wilson AS, Chiba A, Tooze JA, Cook KL (2018) Consumption of mediterranean versus western diet leads to distinct mammary gland microbiome populations. Cell Reports 25(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.078
Szalewski DA, Hinrichs VS, Zinniel DK, Barletta RG (2018) The pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus, drug resistance, and nanoparticle delivery. Can J Microbiol 64(7):439–453. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0749
Trunk K, Peltier J, Liu YC, Dill BD, Walker L, Gow NAR, Stark MJR, Quinn J, Strahl H, Trost M, Coulthurst SJ (2018) The type VI secretion system deploys antifungal effectors against microbial competitors. Nat Microbiol 3:920–931. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0191-x
Tupe SG, Kulkarni RR, Shirazi F, Sant DG, Joshi SP, Deshpande MV (2015) Possible mechanism of antifungal phenazine-1-carboxamide from Pseudomonas sp. against dimorphic fungi Benjaminiella poitrasii and human pathogen Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 118(1):39–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12675
van de Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS, Romani L, Netea MG, Latge JP (2017) Aspergillus fumigatus morphology and dynamic host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 15(11):661–674. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.90
Vila T, Kong EF, Ibrahim A, Piepenbrink K, Shetty AC, McCracken C, Bruno V, Jabra-Rizk MA (2019) Candida albicans quorum-sensing molecule farnesol modulates staphyloxanthin production and activates the thiol-based oxidative-stress response in Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 10(1):625–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2019.1635418
Vilela SF, Barbosa JO, Rossoni RD, Santos JD, Prata MC, Anbinder AL, Jorge AO, Junqueira JC (2015) Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 inhibits biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuates the experimental candidiasis in Galleria mellonella. Virulence 6(1):29–39. https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.981486
Wang S, Wang Q, Yang E, Yan L, Li T, Zhuang H (2017) Antimicrobial compounds produced by vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus are able to strongly inhibit Candida albicans growth, hyphal formation and regulate virulence-related gene expressions. Front Microbiol 8:564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00564
Yadav V, Mandhan R, Dabur R, Chhillar AK, Gupta J, Sharma GL (2005) A fraction from Escherichia coli with anti-Aspergillus properties. J Med Microbiol 54(Pt 4):375–379. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45748-0
Zuo T, Wong SH, Cheung CP, Lam K, Lui R, Cheung K, Zhang F, Tang W, Ching JYL, Wu JCY, Chan PKS, Sung JJY, Yu J, Chan FKL, Ng SC (2018) Gut fungal dysbiosis correlates with reduced efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in Clostridium difficile infection. Nat Commun 9(1):3663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06103-6
Acknowledgements
This research was supported financially by National Science Foundation of the People’s Republic of China (No. 31701127), Science and Technology Project of Sichuan (2019YJ0407; 2017JY0165), Luzhou (2018-JYJ-32, 2019-RCM-94) and Science and Technology strategic cooperation project of Luzhou Municipal People’s Government-Southwest Medical University (2016LZXNYD-J23). Finally, we would like to apologize for any omission in referencing owing to space restrictions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ZYS and CLZ designed this study. FW and CYX drafted the manuscript. ZNR and JXL contributed the analyzed the data and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F., Xin, C., Liu, J. et al. Interactions between invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 36, 137 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02913-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02913-3