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Variability in primary productivity and bio-optical properties in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during an austral summer

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Abstract

The Southern Ocean (SO), in spite of its major contribution to global primary productivity (PP), remains underexplored in this aspect. Light being the most limiting parameter affecting primary production, it is crucial to study the ambient light field to understand PP and associated processes. The current study makes a dual effort to present PP estimates as well as understand the bio-optical variability in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (ISSO). Results suggest that PP was highest at Sub-Tropical Front (STF) and lowest at Polar Front-2 (PF2). Most PP profiles were characterized by subsurface maxima, indicating probable photoinhibition or micronutrient limitation at surface layer. Strong correlation between measured and satellite-based integrated PP (R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 77.48, p < 0.01) indicated the efficacy of global models in their original formulation in bio-optically complex SO waters. The maximum photochemical efficiency of phytoplankton (Fv/Fm) measured by fast repetition rate fluorometry varied from 0.1–0.4, implying reduced phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency in ISSO. The ratio between remote sensing reflectance (Rrs)-derived phytoplankton absorption (aph) at blue-red band (B/R ratio) indicated dominance of smaller phytoplankton in surface and larger phytoplankton at subsurface. Higher Chl-a specific phytoplankton absorption (a*ph ) than phytoplankton absorption (aph) suggested an adaptation of dominant phytoplankton species to low light, yet a better light harvest efficiency. However, low contribution of aph suggested a strong influence of non-phytoplankton materials to the total absorption budget. We therefore infer that, the surrounding physical environment in terms of nutrients and bio-optical variability modulated phytoplankton size class and thereby productivity more critically in the surface than in the deeper layers of ISSO.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India for financial support. Our thanks are also due to the Director, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) for constant encouragement. We thank the captain, officers and all the crew members of ORV-Sagar Nidhi for their invaluable help during the expedition. We are grateful to Dr. David Hughes for his valuable suggestions about interpretation of the FRRf data, Dr. Jill Schwarz and the anonymous reviewer for their insightful suggestions that led to an overall improvement of the manuscript. Ms. Anvita Ulhas Kerkar is grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for DST-INSPIRE doctoral research fellowship and Goa University, Goa for research administrative facilities. This is NCPOR Contribution Number J-43/2020-21.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India

    Anvita U. Kerkar, S. C. Tripathy, P. Sabu, R. K. Mishra & A. Sarkar

  2. Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, ICAR, Willingdon Island, Kochi, 682029, India

    P. Minu

  3. National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India

    N. Baranval

  4. National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100, India

    S. Patra

  5. School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India

    Anvita U. Kerkar

  6. Environment and Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Centre, Al-Jaheth Street, 13109, Shuwaikh, Kuwait

    A. Sarkar

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  1. Anvita U. Kerkar
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Kerkar, A.U., Tripathy, S.C., Minu, P. et al. Variability in primary productivity and bio-optical properties in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during an austral summer. Polar Biol 43, 1469–1492 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02722-2

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