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Recent increases of rainfall and flooding from tropical cyclones (TCs) in North Carolina (USA): implications for organic matter and nutrient cycling in coastal watersheds

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Abstract

Coastal North Carolina experienced 36 tropical cyclones (TCs), including three floods of historical significance in the past two decades (Hurricanes Floyd-1999, Matthew-2016 and Florence-2018). These events caused catastrophic flooding and major alterations of water quality, fisheries habitat and ecological conditions of the Albemarle-Pamlico Sound (APS), the second largest estuarine complex in the United States. Continuous rainfall records for coastal NC since 1898 reveal a period of unprecedented high precipitation storm events since the late-1990s. Six of seven of the “wettest” storm events in this > 120-year record occurred in the past two decades, identifying a period of elevated precipitation and flooding associated with recent TCs. We examined storm-related freshwater discharge, carbon (C) and nutrient, i.e., nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings, and evaluated contributions to total annual inputs in the Neuse River Estuary (NRE), a major sub-estuary of the APS. These contributions were highly significant, accounting for > 50% of annual loads depending on antecedent conditions and storm-related flooding. Depending on the magnitude of freshwater discharge, the NRE either acted as a “processor” to partially assimilate and metabolize the loads or acted as a “pipeline” to transport the loads to the APS and coastal Atlantic Ocean. Under base-flow, terrestrial sources dominate riverine carbon. During storm events these carbon sources are enhanced through the inundation and release of carbon from wetlands. These findings show that event-scale discharge plays an important and, at times, predominant role in C, N and P loadings. We appear to have entered a new climatic regime characterized by more frequent extreme precipitation events, with major ramifications for hydrology, cycling of C, N and P, water quality and habitat conditions in estuarine and coastal waters.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the assistance of J. Braddy, A. Joyner, H. Walker, B. Abare, R. Sloup and all students and technicians that participated in the field and laboratory work supporting this publication. This research was funded by NSF Projects DEB 1119704, DEB 1240851, OCE 0825466, OCE 0812913, OCE 1705972, OCE 1706009, and CBET 0932632, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (ModMon Program), Lower Neuse Basin Association, North Carolina Sea Grant Program, and the University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, 28557, USA

    Hans W. Paerl, Nathan S. Hall, Karen L. Rossignol, Malcolm A. Barnard & Richard A. Luettich Jr.

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Alexandria G. Hounshell

  3. Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA

    Jacob C. Rudolph & Christopher L. Osburn

  4. Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA

    Jerad Bales

  5. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Lawrence W. Harding Jr.

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  1. Hans W. Paerl
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  2. Nathan S. Hall
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  3. Alexandria G. Hounshell
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  10. Lawrence W. Harding Jr.
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Paerl, H.W., Hall, N.S., Hounshell, A.G. et al. Recent increases of rainfall and flooding from tropical cyclones (TCs) in North Carolina (USA): implications for organic matter and nutrient cycling in coastal watersheds. Biogeochemistry 150, 197–216 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00693-4

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