Abstract
The groundwater flow patterns and temperature distribution of deep parent fluid in an area of Western Guangdong (China) have been reconstructed using chemical geothermometry and multicomponent mineral equilibrium (MME) based on water chemistry and stable isotopes. Thermal groundwater samples (three drill holes, nine springs) and groundwater samples of ‘normal’ temperature (one spring, eight wells) were collected and analyzed to characterize the studied hydrothermal system. The geothermal waters mainly contain the cation Na+ followed by Ca2+ and the anion HCO3− followed by Cl−. The stable isotope composition (δD, δ18O) indicates a meteoric origin for both geothermal water and ‘normal’ groundwater. The exchange temperature in the geothermal reservoir of Western Guangdong is estimated to be 162.6 °C using MME and K-Na-Ca geothermometry, while other chemical geothermometers (Na-K, K-Mg, silica and chalcedony) provide unsuitable results. The results indicate that the meteoric waters descend through the fissures and reach a maximum depth of about 2.3 km, where they are heated by a subjacent granitic body and become the deep parent fluid. The rise of deep geothermal fluid is controlled by thermodynamics, and the fluid is cooled by heat conduction and possibly mixing with shallow groundwater. Water–rock interaction affects the chemistry of the deep geothermal fluid, and mixing with shallow groundwater changes the fluid chemistry in the shallow subsurface. Seawater incursion is identified in the thermal groundwater, contributing to higher Na+ and Cl− contents in the water. This circulation mechanism probably dominates most of the hydrothermal system in the coastal area of Western Guangdong.
Résumé
Le schéma de circulation des eaux souterraines et la distribution de la température d’un fluide parent profond, dans une région de l’ouest du Guangdong (Chine), ont été reconstruits à l’aide des géothermomètres chimiques et des équilibres minéraux à composants multiples (EMM) basé sur la chimie de l’eau et les isotopes stables. Des échantillons d’eaux thermales (3 forages, 9 sources) et d’eaux souterraines présentant une température « normale » (1 source, 8 puits) ont été prélevés et analysés pour caractériser le système hydrothermal étudié. Les eaux géothermales contiennent principalement le cation Na+, suivi du Ca2+ et de l’anion HCO3− suivi du Cl−. La composition en isotopes stables (δD, δ18O) indique une origine météorique aussi bien pour l’eau géothermale que pour l’eau souterraine ‘normale’. La température d’échange dans le réservoir géothermal de l’ouest du Guangdong est estimée, en utilisant la géothermie MME et K-Na-Ca, à 162,6 °C, tandis que d’autres géothermomètres chimiques (Na-K, K-Mg, silice et calcédoine) fournissent des résultats inappropriés. Les résultats indiquent que les eaux météoriques descendent à travers les fissures et atteignent une profondeur maximale d’environ 2.3 km, où elles sont réchauffées par la masse granitique sous-jacente pour former le fluide parent profond. La remontée du fluide géothermal profond est contrôlée par la thermodynamique, et le fluide est refroidi par conduction thermique et peut-être mélangé avec des eaux souterraines peu profondes. Les interactions eau–roche affectent la chimie du fluide géothermal profond, et le mélange avec les eaux souterraines superficielles modifie la chimie du fluide dans le sous-sol peu profond. Une intrusion d’eau de mer est identifiée dans les eaux thermales, ce qui contribue à une teneur plus élevée en Na+ et en Cl−. Ce mécanisme de circulation domine probablement la majeure partie du système hydrothermal de la zone côtière de l’ouest du Guangdong.
Resumen
Se reconstruyeron los esquemas de flujo de las aguas subterráneas y la distribución de la temperatura de los fluidos parentales profundos en una zona de Guangdong occidental (China) utilizando la geotermometría química y el equilibrio mineral multicomponente (EMM) basado en la química del agua y los isótopos estables. Se recolectaron y analizaron muestras de aguas subterráneas termales (3 perforaciones, 9 manantiales) y muestras de aguas subterráneas de temperatura “normal” (1 manantial, 8 pozos) para caracterizar el sistema hidrotérmico estudiado. Las aguas geotérmicas contienen principalmente el catión Na+ seguido por el Ca2+ y el anión HCO3− seguido por Cl−. La composición isotópica estable (δD, δ18O) indica un origen meteórico tanto para el agua geotérmica como para el agua subterránea “normal”. La temperatura de intercambio en el depósito geotérmico de Guangdong occidental se estima en 162.6 °C utilizando la geotermometría MME y K-Na-Ca, mientras que otros geotermómetros químicos (Na-K, K-Mg, sílice y calcedonia) proporcionan resultados inadecuados. Los resultados indican que las aguas meteóricas descienden a través de las fisuras y alcanzan una profundidad máxima de unos 2.3 km, donde son calentadas por un cuerpo granítico subyacente y se convierten en el fluido parental profundo. El ascenso del fluido geotérmico profundo está controlado por la termodinámica, y el fluido se enfría por conducción de calor y posiblemente se mezcla con las aguas subterráneas poco profundas. La interacción agua–roca afecta a la química del fluido geotérmico profundo, y la mezcla con el agua subterránea poco profunda cambia la química del fluido en el subsuelo somero. La intrusión del agua de mar se identifica en las aguas subterráneas térmicas, contribuyendo a un mayor contenido de Na+ y Cl− en el agua. Este mecanismo de circulación probablemente domina la mayor parte del sistema hidrotérmico en la zona costera de Guangdong occidental.
摘要
使用化学地热测温与基于水化学和稳定同位素的多组分矿物平衡法(MME)重建了广东省西部(中国)地区深层成矿流体的地下水流动模式和温度分布。收集并分析了地下热水样品(3个钻孔, 9个泉)和“正常”温度的地下水样品(1个泉, 8口井), 以表征所研究的水热系统。地热水主要包含阳离子Na+, 其次为Ca2+和阴离子HCO3–, 其次为Cl–。稳定同位素组成(δD, δ18O)表明地热水和“正常”地下水都是大气成因。使用MME和K-Na-Ca地热测温估计广东西部地热储层的交换温度为162.6 °C, 而其他化学地热仪(Na-K, K-Mg, 二氧化硅和玉髓)估计的结果不合适。结果表明, 大气水经过裂隙下渗并达到约2.3 km的最大深度, 在该处被下层花岗岩体加热, 成为深层成矿流体。深层地热流体的上升是由热力学控制的, 流体是通过热传导冷却的, 并可能与浅层地下水混合。水-岩相互作用影响深层地热流体的化学性质, 与浅层地下水混合会改变浅层地下水的流体化学性质。在地下热水中发现了海水入侵, 导致水中的Na+和Cl–含量较高。这种循环机制可能决定了广东西部沿海地区大部分水热系统。
Resumo
Os padrões de fluxo das águas subterrâneas e a distribuição da temperatura no fluído parental profundo em uma área de Guangdong Ocidental (China) foram reconstruídos utilizando-se geotermometria química e equilíbrio mineral multicomponentes (EMM) baseado na hidroquímica e nos isótopos estáveis. Amostras de águas subterrâneas termais (3 poços perfurados, 9 nascentes) e amostras de águas subterrâneas de temperatura ‘normal’ (1 nascente, 8 poços) foram coletados e analisados para caracterizar o sistema hidrológico hidrotermal. As águas geotermais contêm principalmente o cátion Na+ seguido por Ca2+ e o ânion HCO3– seguido por Cl–. A composição do isótopo estável (δD, δ18O) indica uma origem meteórica para ambas águas geotermais e águas subterrâneas ‘normais’. A mudança de temperatura no reservatório geotermal de Guangdong Ocidental é estimada para ser 162.6 °C utilizando geotermometria EMM e K-Na-Ca, enquanto outros geotermômetros químicos (Na-K, K-Mg, sílica e calcedônia) fornecem resultados instáveis. Os resultados indicam que as águas meteóricas descendem através de fissuras e atingem a profundidade máxima por volta de 2.3 km, onde elas são aquecidas por um corpo granítico subjacente e se tornam o fluído parental profundo. A ascensão do fluido geotermal profundo é controlada por termodinâmicas, e o fluído é resfriado pela condução de calor e possivelmente se misturando com as águas subterrâneas rasas. A interação água–rocha afeta a química do fluído geotermal profundo, e a mistura com as águas subterrâneas rasas mudam a química do fluído na subsuperfície rasa. A incursão da água do mar é identificada nas águas subterrâneas termais, contribuindo para os conteúdos de Na+ e Cl– maiores na água. O mecanismo de circulação provavelmente domina a maior parte do sistema hidrotermal na área costeira de Guangdong Ocidental.
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Our special thanks go to the editor and two reviewers for their critical reviews and helpful comments.
Funding
This research project was partly financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40602031, 41440027).
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Ndikubwimana, I., Mao, X., Zhu, D. et al. Geothermal evolution of deep parent fluid in Western Guangdong, China: evidence from water chemistry, stable isotopes and geothermometry. Hydrogeol J 28, 2947–2961 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02222-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02222-x