Abstract
Black-tip disorder, an ailment in the fruits of the Hupingzao cultivar of jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Hupingzao’), seriously affects the edible quality of the fruits. To characterize the relationship between the disorder and sugar transport capacity, transportation of soluble sugar in the vascular bundles of Hupingzao fruits was analyzed using UPLC and the fluorescence tracing method. Phloem cell viability of the vascular bundles was also analyzed by staining. Results showed that black-tip disorder mainly occurred from the white-ripe period onwards during the development of Hupingzao fruits, and disease spots only appeared in the blossom end of the fruits. There was a significantly higher rate of large disorder fruits than small disorder fruits. The accumulation and transportation rate of soluble sugar in the blossom end of the fruits was significantly lower than that in the shoulder regions from the white-ripe period onwards. At the same developmental stage, the soluble sugar content in the blossom end of disorder fruits was significantly lower than that in the blossom end of healthy fruits. In disorder fruits, the soluble sugar content of large fruits was lower than that of small fruits. In disorder fruits, phloem activity was weaker in large fruits than small fruits. In summary, the ability of the vascular bundles to transport soluble sugar weakened and sugar supply in the blossom end of the fruits was insufficient to sustain health, and this was likely to cause black-tip disorder from the white-ripe period onwards during the development of Hupingzao fruits.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bian Y, Di L, Li DH, Li XG (2015) Vascular anatomy of Chinese jujube fruit. J. fruit Sci. 32(03):448-452+523. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20140430
Chen C, Yuan Y, Zhang C, Li HX, Ma FW, Li MJ (2017) Sucrose phloem unloading follows an apoplastic pathway with high sucrose synthase in Actinidia fruit. Plant Sci 255:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.011
Deng CP, Liu XQ, Liu SC, Wang Q, Fan WG, Yan HJ (2011) The symptoms and occurrence regularity of black tip disease of Ziziphus jujuba mill.In Shanxi Province. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition). 31(3):226-229. https://doi.org/10.13842/j.cnki.issn1671-8151.2011.03.016
Deng QE, Gong BC, Wu KY, Ding Y, Yang Y, Chen XC, Jiang XB, Qiu YS (2014) Survey and study on occurrence regularity of persimmon fruits disorder top rot disease. Forest Res 27(5):689–696. https://doi.org/10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2014.05.019
Ha R, Ma YP, Cao B (2018) Effects of climate change on Photosynthate distribution and fruit quality of Woody plants. Northern Horticult. (10):161-167. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11937/bfyy.20174223
Huang YJ, Qu HB, Wang YZ, Yang SL, Yuan YB (2018) A comparison of mesocarp cell dyeing between 'Golden Del. Reinders' apples with different flesh texture. J. Fruit Sci. 35(6): 702-710. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20170420
Kapoor IJ, Tandon RN (2010) Pathological studies on Deightoniella torulosa (Syd.) ell. Causing leaf spot and fruit rot of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.1). J. Phytopathol. 63(4):337–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1968.tb02398.x
Li XM, Guo HP, Hu ZL (2009) Research on the Diagnosis of New Disease for Chinese Jujube. Shanxi Fruits, (03):3–6+63. doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-345X.2009.03.001
Li J, Yao BH, Song YQ, Li LL (2017) Sugar accumulation and the relevant enzymes activities in different parts of fruit of three jujube cultivars. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 53(12):30–40. https://doi.org/10.11707/j.1001-7488.20171204
Liu XQ, Wang Q, Li PP (2009) A preliminary study on the new disease of jujube and its inducement. Practical forestry Technol, (05):33–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.13456/j.cnki.lykt.2009.05.010
Lv RH, Zhang SH, Nie JQ, Huang B, Cai YP, Lin Y (2011) The effect of lignin metabolism on the content of stone cells and taste in different genotypes pear. Acta Laser Biology Sinica 20(6):765–771. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2011.06.010
Ma Y, Deng CP, Liu J, Liu SC, Liu XQ (2012) Relationship between pathological grade of jujube black tip disease with physiological indexes. J Shanxi Agric Sci 40(03):267–269. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2481.2012.03.20
Nie PX, Wang XY, Hu L, Zhang HY, Zhang JX, Zhang ZX, Zhang LY (2010) The predominance of the apoplasmic phloem-unloading pathway is interrupted by a symplasmic pathway during Chinese jujube fruit development. Plant cell physiol 51(6):1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq054
Tan RR, Deng CP, Zhang LP, Wu KY, Liu XQ (2013) Relationship between jujube black top disease and meteorological factors in Shanxi Province. J. Shanxi Agric. Sci. 41(4):372–374. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2481.2013.04.20
Wang TD, Zhang HF, Wu ZC, Li ZJ, Huang XM, Wang HC (2015) Sugar uptake in the aril of Litchi fruit depends on the Apoplasmic post-phloem transport and the activity of proton pumps and the putative transporter LcSUT4. Plant Cell Physiol 56(2):377–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu173
Xie ZS, Du HR, Xiang DF, Qi YS (2018) The changes of anatomical structure of vascular bundles and water transport in blueberry fruit during different growth and development stages. Plant Physiol. Commun. (1):45-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.2017.0517
Yao BH (2014) Studies on physiological mechanism of sugar accumulation in jujube fruit. Dissertation, Shanxi Agricultural University
Zhang C, Huang H, Kuang Y (1995) A study of the cause of the mango black tip disorder. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam). 64(1–2):0–54. doi: 10.1016/0304-4238(95)00821-1
Zhang HP, Wu JY, Tao ST, Wu T, Qi KJ, Zhang SJ, Wang JZ, Huang WJ, Wu J, Zhang SL (2014a) Evidence for Apoplasmic phloem unloading in pear fruit. Plant Mol Biol Rep 32(4):931–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-013-0696-7
Zhang YC, Chen YP, Jing HX, Su WD (2014b) Relation between sugar accumulation and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in fruit of ‘Lingwuchangzao’ (Zizyphus jujuba mill.). J. Fruit Sci. 31(02):250–257. https://doi.org/10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.2014.02.020
Zhang JH, Hao YP, Li JZ, Zhang ZW, Liu XQ, Tan RR (2015) Effects of "jujube protection no.1" on fruit quality of ‘Huping' jujube. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition) 35(04):388–391. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-8151.2015.04.011
Zhang HH, Li YF, Nie PX, Wang HY, Zhang LY (2017) Phloem unloading pathway of Photosynthates and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes activities in Vaccinium corymbosum fruit. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 53(3):40–48. https://doi.org/10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170305
Zheng HW, Zhang QY, Li WH, Zhang SK, Xi WP (2016) Changes in soluble sugars and organic acids of Xinjiang apricot during fruit development and ripening. Scientia Agric. Sinica. 49(20):3981–3992. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.012
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the Shanxi Province Science and Technology Key Research Projects (grant number: 2015-TN-4, 201703D211001-04).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, S., Liu, X., Yao, B. et al. Relationship of black-tip disorder in jujube fruits to sugar transportation and accumulation. J Plant Pathol 102, 1205–1214 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00619-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00619-x