Abstract
The metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a class of porous, crystalline material with numerous possibilities of real-world applications including storage, separation, catalysis, sensing etc. The possibility of intrinsic crystallinity and virtually infinite metal/metal-oxo node and organic linker combination make it a perfect material for photophysical studies. In the last decade, luminescent MOFs have emerged as an excellent modular material for various optical applications, and here, we have discussed about its design strategies. In this review, with relevant examples we have highlighted the rational design approach, possible applications (light emitting diodes, sensing) and future directions in luminescent MOFs.
Graphic abstract
Different approaches of synthesizing luminescent MOFs and their possible applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kitagawa S, Kitaura R and Noro S-i 2004 Functional porous coordination polymers Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43 2334
Zhou H-C, Long J R and Yaghi O M 2012 Introduction to metal-organic frameworks Chem. Rev. 112 673
Deng H, Doonan C J, Furukawa H, Ferreira R B, Towne J, Knobler C B, Wang B and Yaghi O M 2010 Multiple functional groups of varying ratios in metal-organics Science 327 846
Farha O K, Eryazici I, Jeong N C, Hauser B G, Wilmer C E, Sarjeant A A, Snurr R Q, Nguyen S T, Yazaydın A Ö and Hupp J T 2012 Metal-organic framework materials with ultrahigh surface areas: Is the sky the limit? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15016
Furukawa H, Go Y B, Ko N, Park Y K, Uribe-Romo F J, Kim J, O’Keeffe M and Yaghi O M 2011 Isoreticular expnasion of metal-organic frameworks with triangular and square building units and the lowest calculated density for porous crystals Inorg. Chem. 50 9147
Haldar R and Maji T K 2013 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on mixed linker systems: Structural diversities towards functional material Cryst. Eng. Comm. 15 9276
Guillerm V, Kim D, Eubank J F, Luebke R, Liu X, Adil K, Lah M S and Eddaoudi M 2014 A supramolecular building approach for the design and construction of metal-organic frameworks Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 6141
Lu W, Wei Z, Gu Z-Y, Liu T-F, Park J, Park J, Tian J, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Gentle Iii T, Bosch M and Zhou H-C 2014 Tuning the structure and function of metal-organic frameworks via linker design Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 5561
Li H, Wang K, Sun Y, Lollar C T, Li J and Zhou H-C 2018 Recent advances in gas storage and separation using metal-organic frameworks Mat. Today 21 108
Qiu S, Xue M and Zhu G 2014 Metal-organic framework membranes: From synthesis to separtion applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 6116
Van de Voorde B, Bueken B, Denayer J and De Vos D 2014 Adsorptive separation on metal-organic frameworks in the liquid phase Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 5766
Rogge S M J, Bavykina A, Hajek J, Garcia H, Olivos-Suarez A I, Sepúlveda-Escribano A, Vimont A, Clet G, Bazin P, Kapteijn F, Daturi M, Ramos-Fernandez E. V, Llabrés i Xamena F X, Van Speybroeck V and Gascon J 2017 Metal-organic and covalent organic frameworks as single-site catalysts Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 3134
Liu J, Chen L, Cui H, Zhang J, Zhang L and Su C-Y 2014 Application of metal-organic frameworks in heterogeneous supramolecular catalysis Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 6011
Kreno L E, Leong K, Farha O K, Allendorf M, Van Duyne R P and Hupp J T 2012 Metal-organic framework materials as chemical sensor Chem. Rev. 112 1105
Lustig W P, Mukherjee S, Rudd N D, Desai A V, Li J and Ghosh S K 2017 Metal-organic frameworks: Functional luminescent and photonic materials for sensing applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 3242
Wang L, Zheng M and Xie Z 2018 Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for drug delivery: A conventional platform with new promise J. Mat. Chem. B 6 707
Cai W, Wang J, Chu C, Chen W, Wu C and Liu G 2019 Metal-organic framework-based stimuli-responsive systems for drug delivery Adv. Sci. 6 1801526
Rice A M, Martin C R, Galitskiy V A, Berseneva A A, Leith G A and Shustova N B 2019 Photophysics modulation in photoswitchable metal-organic frameworks Chem. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00350
Allendorf M D, Bauer C A, Bhakta R K and Houk R J T 2009 Luminescent metal-organic frameworks Chem. Soc. Rev. 38 1330
Stavila V, Talin A A and Allendorf M D 2014 MOF-based electronic and opto-electronic devices Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 5994
Ma A, Wu J, Han Y, Chen F, Li B, Cai S, Huang H, Singh A, Kumar A and Liu J 2018 Rational synthesis of a luminescent uncommon (3,4,6)-c connected Zn(II)-MOF: A dual channel sensor for the detection of nitroaromatics and ferric ions Dalton Trans. 47 9627
Yang G-P, Wang Y-Y, Liu P, Fu A-Y, Zhang Y-N, Jin J-C and Shi Q-Z 2010 Formation of three new Silver (I) coordination polymers involving 1,2- phenylenediacetic acid via the modulation of dipyridyl-containg lignads Cryst. Growth Des. 10 1443
Stylianou K C, Heck R, Chong S Y, Bacsa J, Jones J T A, Khimyak Y Z, Bradshaw D and Rosseinsky M J 2010 A guest-responsive fluorescent 3D microporous metal-organic framework derived from a long-lifetime pyrene core J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 4119
Bauer C A, Timofeeva T V, Settersten T B, Patterson B D, Liu V H, Simmons B A and Allendorf M D 2007 Influence of connectivity and porosity on ligand-based luminescence in zinc metal-organic frameworks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 7136
Shustova N B, McCarthy B D and Dincă M 2011 Turn on fluorescence in tetraphenylethylene-based metal-organic frameworks: An alternative to aggregation-induced emission J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 20126
Shustova N B, Ong T-C, Cozzolino A F, Michaelis V K, Griffin R G and Dincă M 2012 Phenyl ring dynamics in a tetraphenylethylene-bridged metal-organic framework: Implications for the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15061
Shustova N B, Cozzolino A F and Dincă M 2012 Conformation locking by design: relating strain energy with luminescence and stability in rigid metal-organic frameworks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 19596
Wei Z, Gu Z-Y, Arvapally R K, Chen Y-P, McDougald R N, Ivy J F, Yakovenko A A, Feng D, Omary M A and Zhou H-C 2014 Rigidifying fluorescent linkers by metal-organic framework formation for fluorescence blue shift and quantum yield enhancement J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 8269
Hu Z, Huang G, Lustig W P, Wang F, Wang H, Teat S J, Banerjee D, Zhang D and Li J, 2015 Achieving exceptionally high luminescence quantum efficiency by immobilizing an AIE molecular chromophore into a metal-organic framework Chem. Commun. 51 3045
Haldar R, Diring S, Samanta P K, Muth M, Clancy W, Mazel A, Schlabach S, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiß G, Pati S K, Odobel F and Wöll C 2018 Enhancing selectivity and kinetics in oxidative photocyclization by supramolecular control Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57 13662
Hestand N J and Spano F C 2018 Expanded theory of H-and J- molecular aggregates : The affects of vibronic coupling and intramolecular charge transfer Chem. Rev. 118 7069
Sikdar N, Dutta D, Haldar R, Ray T, Hazra A, Bhattacharyya A J, Maji T K 2016 Coordination-driven fluorescent J-aggregates in a perylenetetracarboxylate-based MOF: Permanent porosity and proton conductivity J. Phys. Chem. C 120 13622
Haldar R, Mazel A, Krstić M, Zhang Q, Jakoby M, Howard I A, Richards B S, Jung N, Jacquemin D, Diring S, Wenzel W, Odobel F and Wöll C 2019 A de novo strategy for predictive crystal engineering to tune excitonic coupling Nat. Commun. 10 2048
Padalkar V S and Seki S 2016 Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) inspired solid state emitter Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 169
Jayaramulu K, Kanoo P, George S J and Maji T K 2010 Tunable emission from a porous metal-organic framework by employing an excited-state intramolecular proton transfer responsive lignad Chem. Commun. 46 7906
Chen L, Ye J-W, Wang H-P, Pan M, Yin S-Y, Wei Z-W, Zhang L-Y, Wu K, Fan Y-N and Su C-Y 2017 Ultrafast water sensing and thermal imaging by a metal-organic framework with switchable luminescence Nat. Commun. 8 15985
Shustova N B, Cozzolino A F, Reineke S, Baldo M and Dincă M 2013 Selective turn-on ammonia sensing enabled by high temperature fluorescence in metal-organic frameworks with open metal sites J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 13326
Li Y-P, Zhu X-H, Li S-N, Jiang Y-C, Hu M-C and Zhai Q-G 2019 Highly selective and sensitive turn-off-on fluorescent probes for sensing Al3+ ions designed by regulating the excited state intramolecular proton transfer process in metal-organic framework ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 11338
Jayaramulu K, Narayanan R P, George S J and Maji T K 2012 Luminescent microporous metal-organic framework with functional Lewis basic sites on the pore surface: specific sensing and removal of metal ions Inorg. Chem. 51 10089
Yang Z, Mao Z, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhao J, Xu J, Chi Z and Aldred M P 2017 Recent advances in organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 915
Mieno H, Kabe R, Allendorf M D and Adachi C 2018 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence of a Zr-based metal-organic framework Chem. Commun. 54 631
Williams D E and Shustova N B 2015 Metal-organic frameworks as a versatile tool to study and model energy transfer processess Chem. Eur. J. 21 15474
So M C, Wiederrecht G P, Mondloch J E, Hupp J T and Farha O K 2015 Metal-organic framework materials for light harvesting and energy transfer Chem. Commun. 2015 3501
Lee C Y, Farha O K, Hong B J, Sarjeant A A, Nguyen S T and Hupp J T 2011 Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks: Efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based MOFs J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 15858
Dolgopolova E A, Williams D E, Greytak A B, Rice A M, Smith M D, Krause J A, Shustova N B 2015 Fulleretic well-defined scaffolds: Donor-fullerene allignment through metal coordination and its effect on photophysics Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 13639
Haldar R, Jakoby M, Mazel A, Zhang Q, Welle A, Mohamed T, Krolla P, Wenzel W, Diring S, Odobel F, Richards B S, Howard I A and Wöll C 2018 Anisotropic energy transfer in crystalline chromophore assembly Nat. Commun. 9 4332
Williams D E, Rietman J A, Maier J M, Tan R, Greytak A B, Smith M D, Krause J A and Shustova N B 2014 Energy tranfer on demand: Photoswitch directed behaviour of metal porphyrin framework J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 11886
Oldenburg M, Turshatov A, Busko D, Wollgarten S, Adams M, Baroni N, Welle A, Redel E, Wöll C, Richards B S and Howard I A 2016 Photon upconversion at crystalline organic-organic heterojunctions Adv. Mater. 28 8477
Medishetty R, Zaręba J K, Mayer D, Samoć M and Fischer R A 2017 Nonlinear optical properties, upconversion and lasing in metal-organic frameworks Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 4976
Mieno H, Kabe R, Notsuka N, Allendorf M D and Adachi C 2016 Long-lived room-teperature phosphorescence of coronene in ZIF-8 Adv. Opt. Mater. 4 1015
Williams D E, Dolgopolova E A, Pellechia P J, Palukoshka A, Wilson T J, Tan R, Maier J M, Greytak A B, Smith M D, Krause J A and Shustova N B 2015 Mimic of the green fluorescent protien β-barrel: Photophysics and dynmaics of confined chromophores defined by a rigid porous scaffold J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 2223
Baroni N, Turshatov A, Adams M, Dolgopolova E A, Schlisske S, Hernandez-Sosa G, Wöll C, Shustova N B, Richards B S and Howard I A 2018 Inkjet photoluminescent patterns of aggregation-induced emission chromophores on surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 25754
Sun C-Y, Wang X-L, Zhang X, Qin C, Li P, Su Z-M, Zhu D-X, Shan G-G, Shao K-Z, Wu H and Li J 2013 Efficient and tunable white-light emission of metal-organic frameworks by inidium complex encapsulation Nat. Commun. 4 2717
Xie W, Qin J-S, He W-W, Shao K-Z, Su Z-M, Du D-Y, Li S-L, Lan Y-Q 2017 Encapsulation of a Iridium complex in metal-organic framework to give a composite with efficient white light emission Inorg. Chem. Front. 4 547
Yanai N, Kitayama K, Hijikata, Sato H, Matsuda R, Kubota Y, Takata M, Mizuno M, Uemura T and Kitagawa S 2011 Gas detection by structural variations of fluorescent guest molecules in a flexible porous coordination polymer Nat. Mater. 10 787
Zhang Q, Zhang C, Cao L, Wang Z, An B, Lin Z, Huang R, Zhang Z, Wang C and Lin W 2016 Forster energy transfer in metal-organic frameworks is beyond step-by-step hopping J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 5308
Oldenburg M, Turshatov A, Busko D, Jakoby M, Haldar R, Chen K, Emandi G, Senge M. O, Wöll C, Hodgkiss J M, Richards B S and Howard I A 2018 Enhancing photoluminescence of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks: mixed linkers and efficient acceptors Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 11564
Suresh V M, George S J and Maji T K 2013 MOF nanovesicles and toroids: Self-assembled porous soft hybrods for light harvesting Adv. Funct. Mater. 23 5585
Müller M, Devaux A, Yang C-H, De Cola L and Fischer R A 2010 Highly emissive metal-organic framework composites by host-guest chemistry Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 9 846
Leong K, Foster M E, Wong B M, Spoerke E D, Van Gough D, Deaton J C and Allendorf M D 2014 Energy and charge transfer by donor-acceptor pairs confined in metal-organic framework: A spectroscopic and computational investigation J. Mater. Chem. A 2 3389
Dolgopolova E A, Rice A M, Smith M D and Shustova N B 2016 Photophysics, dynamics and energy transfer in rigid mimics of GFP systems Inorg. Chem. 55 7257
Mu Q, Liu J, Chen W, Song X, Liu X, Zhang X, Chang Z and Chen L 2019 A new biscarbazole-based metal-organic framework for efficient host-guest energy transfer Chem. Eur. J 25 1901
Allendorf M D, Medishetty R and Fischer R A 2016 Guest molecules as design element for metal-organic frameworks MRS Bull. 41 865
Yan D, Tang Y, Lin H and Wang D 2014 Tunable two-color luminescence and host-guest energy transfer of fluorescent chromophores encapsulated in metal-organic frameworks Sci. Rep. 4 4337
Haldar R, Prasad K, Hazra A and Maji T K 2019 Adaptive and guest responsive supramolecular porous framework: Solvent modulated energy transfer toward fingerprint sensing Cryst. Growth Des. 19 1514
Takashima Y, Martínez V M, Furukawa S, Kondo M, Shimomura S, Uehara H, Nakahama M, Sugimoto K and Kitagawa S 2011 Molecular decoding using luminescence from an entangled porous framework Nat. Commun. 2 168
Sikdar N, Jayaramulu K, Kiran V, Rao K V, Sampath S, George S J and Maji T K 2015 Redox active metal-organic frameworks: Highly stable charge separated states through strut/guest-to-strut electron transfer Chem. Eur. J. 21 11701
Wagner B D, McManus G J, Moulton B and Zaworotko M J 2002 Exciplex fluorescence of {[Zn(bipy)1.5(NO3)2}]·CH3OH·0.5pyrene}n: a coordination polymer containing intercalated pyrene molecules (bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) Chem. Commun. 2176
Tanaka D, Horike S, Kitagawa S, Ohba M, Hasegawa M, Ozawa Y and Toriumi K 2007 Anthracene array-type porous coordination polymer with host-guest charge transfer interactions in excited state Chem. Commun. 3142
70. Haldar R, Matsuda R, Kitagawa S, George S J and Maji T K 2014 Amine-responsive adaptable nanospaces: Fluorescent porous coordination polymer for molecular recognition Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 11772
Horike S, Shimomura S and Kitagawa S 2009 Soft porous crystals Nat. Chem. 1 695
Kanoo P, Haldar R, Sutar P, Chakraborty A and Maji T K 2017 In Functional supramolecular materials: From surfaces to MOFs R Banerjee (Ed.) (The Royal Society of Chemistry: UK) p. 412 [AU: Please check the publisher place and editor name is correct]. OK
Haldar R, Reddy S K, Suresh V M, Mohapatra S, Balasubramanian S and Maji T K 2014 Flexible and rigid amine-functionalized microporous frameworks based on different secondary building units: Supramolecular isomerism, selective CO2 capture and catalysis Chem. Eur. J. 20 4347
Haldar R, Rao K V, George S J and Maji T K 2012 Exciplex formation and energy transfer in a self-assembled metal-organic hybrid system Chem. Eur. J. 18 5848
Haldar R, Prasad K, Samanta P K, Pati S and Maji T K 2016 Luminescent metal-organic complexes of pyrene and anthracene chromophores: energy transfer assisted amplified exciplex emission and Al3+ sensing Cryst. Growth Des. 16 82
Prasad K, Samanta D, Haldar R and Maji T K 2018 Excitation energy transfer supported amplified charge transfer emission in an anthracenedicarboxylate and bipyridophenazine-based coordination complex Inorg. Chem. 57 2953
Cui Y, Yue Y, Qian G and Chen B 2012 Luminescent functional metal-organic frameworks Chem. Rev. 112 1126
Roy S, Chakraborty A and Maji T K 2014 Lanthanide-organic frameworks for gas storage and as magneto-luminescent materials Coord. Chem. Rev. 273-274 139
Cadman L K, Mahon M F and Burrows A D 2018 The effect of metal distribution on luminescence properties of mixed-lanthanide metal-organic frameworks Dalton Trans. 47 2360
Moore E G, Samuel A P S and Raymond K N 2009 From antenna to assay: Lessons learned in lanthanide luminescence Acc. Chem. Res. 42 542
Luo F and Batten S R 2010 Metal-organic framework: Lanthanide doped approach for luminescene modulation and luminescent sensing Dalton Trans. 39 4485
Binnemans K 2009 Lanthanide based luminescent hybrid materials Chem. Rev. 109 4283
Mohapatra S, Adhikari S, Riju H and Maji T K 2012 Terbium(III), Europium(III), mixed Terbium(III)-Europium(III) mucicate frameworks: Hydrophilicity and stoichiometry dependent color tunability Inorg. Chem. 51 4891
Cui Y, Xu H, Yue Y, Guo Z, Yu J, Chen Z, Gao J, Yang Y, Qian G and Chen B 2012 A luminescent mixed-lathanide metal-organic framework thermometer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 3979
Brites C D S, Lima P P, Silva N J O, Millán A, Amaral V S, Palacio F and Carlos L D, 2010 A luminescent molecular thermometer for long-term absolute temperature measurements at nanoscale Adv. Mater. 22 4499
Rao X, Song T, Gao J, Cui Y, Yang Y, Wu C, Chen B and Qian G 2013 A highly sensitive mixed lanthanide metal-organic framework self-calibrated luminescent thermometer J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 15559
Zhang X, Fan L, Zhang W, Ding Y, Fan W and Zhao X 2013 A highly photocatalytic polyoxomolybdate compound constructed from novel type triple helix {Mo4O12}n chains and copper-organic nets Dalton Trans. 42 16562
Shan X-C, Jiang F-L, Yuan D-Q, Zhang H-B, Wu M-Y, Chen L, Wei J, Zhang S-Q, Pan J and Hong M-C 2013 A multi-metal-cluster MOF with Cu4I4 and Cu6S6 as functional groups exhibiting dual emission with both thermochromic and near-IR character Chem. Sci. 4 1484
Yadav A, Srivastava A K, Balamurugan A and Boomishankar R 2014 A cationic copper iodide cluster MOF exhibiting unusual ligand assisted thermochromism Dalton Trans. 43 8166
Tachikawa T, Choi J R, Fujitsuka M and Majima T 2008 Photoinduced charge transfer processeson MOF-5 nanoparticles: Elucidating differences between metal-organic frameworks and semiconductor metal oxides J. Phys. Chem. C 112 14090
Stassen I, Styles M, Grenci G, Gorp Hans V, Vanderlinden W, Feyter Steven D, Falcaro P, Vos D D, Vereecken P and Ameloot R 2016 Chemical vapour deposition of zeolitic imidazolate framework thin films Nat. Mater. 15 304
Shekhah O, Wang H, Kowarik S, Schreiber F, Paulus M, Tolan M, Sternemann C, Evers F, Zacher D, Fischer R A and Wöll C 2007 Step-by-step route for the synthesis of metal-organic framework J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 15118
Stock N and Biswas S 2012 Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks: Routes to various MOF topologies, morphologies and composites Chem. Rev. 112 933
Tang Q, Liu S, Liu Y, He D, Miao J, Wang Y, Ji Y and Zheng Z 2014 Color tuning and white light emission via in situ doping of luminescent lanthandide metal-organic framework Inorg. Chem. 53 289
Zeng M, Zhan C and Yao J 2019 Novel bimetallic lanthanide metal-organic frameworks for color tuning through energy transfer between visble and near-infrared emitting Ln3+ ions J. Mat. Chem. C 7 2751
An Y-Y, Lu L-P, Feng S-S and Zhu M-L 2018 Efficient pure white light emission based on a three component La:Eu, Tb-doped luminescent lanthandide metal-organic framework Cryst. Eng. Comm. 20 2043
Igoa F, Peinado G, Suescun L, Kremer C and Torres J 2019 Design of a white-light emitting material based on a mixed lanthanide metal-organic framework J. Solid State Chem. 279 120925
Bhattacharyya S, Chakraborty A, Jayaramulu K, Hazra A and Maji T K 2014 A bimodal anionic MOF: turn-off sensing of CuII and specific sensitization of EuIII Chem. Commun. 50 13567
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haldar, R., Bhattacharyya, S. & Maji, T.K. Luminescent metal–organic frameworks and their potential applications. J Chem Sci 132, 99 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-020-01797-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-020-01797-y