The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Method and Analysis Processes
2.1. Data Collection and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Content Encoding and Categorisation
3. Results of Policy Transitions
3.1. Transitions of Policy Objectives and Policy Instruments
3.1.1. The Emergence of Biodiesel Policies (2003 to the Beginning of 2007)
3.1.2. Initial Inclusion within the National Industrial and Energy Plan (Mid-2007 to 2011)
3.1.3. The Embeddedness within National-Specific Bioenergy Plan (2012–2019)
4. Evolution of Policy Networks
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Form | Document Number | Name of the Policy Document | Brief Summary and Qualitative Judgment of Policy | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Laws | 1 | Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China | The state encourages the production and use of biological liquid fuels. Petroleum sales enterprises shall incorporate bioliquid fuels that meet national standards into their fuel sales systems in accordance with regulations. | February 2005 |
2 | Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revision of 2009) | The state encourages the production and use of biological liquid fuels. Petroleum sales enterprises shall incorporate bioliquid fuels that meet national standards into their fuel sales systems in accordance with the State Council’s energy regulations. | December 2009 | |
Plans | 3 | Technological Policy of Pollution Control for Diesel Vehicles | The state encouraging the development of technologies that use biomass and other raw materials to synthesize diesel. | January 2003 |
4 | The National special Plan for Technical Equipment Development and Major Industrial Technology Development | Focusing on developing key technologies for industrial-scale biodiesel production and process control | February 2005 | |
5 | The Guide For Key Areas of Current Priority Development of High-tech Industrialization | Developing green biodiesel refining and chemical production technology | January 2007 | |
6 | The of State Council 11th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biological Industry | Supporting the production of biodiesel using agricultural and forestry oil plants as raw materials, and the development of new technologies and new processes for the utilization of waste oils such as catering industry oils and fats. Speeding up the formulation of technical standards. Speeding up the process of industrialization. | March 2007 | |
7 | The Application Guidelines for 2007 Special Topics in the Field of 863 Program Resources and Environmental Technology | Developing unconventional pollution control technology for biodiesel alternative fuel vehicles | March 2007 | |
8 | The Plan of International Science and Technology Cooperation Program for Renewable Energy and New Energy | Focusing on supporting the basic science and applied technology research of biodiesel. | November 2007 | |
9 | The 11th Five-Year Plan for the Renewable Energy | Developing biodiesel production technology using oil plants as raw materials, and build several pilot projects. By 2010, the annual production capacity of biodiesel based on oil plants (crops) will reach 200,000 tons. | March 2008 | |
10 | The 12th Five-Year plan for Science and Technology Development | Focusing on the development of key technologies and equipment such as biodiesel development and utilization, and strengthening the development and deployment of bioliquid fuel in five directions | July 2011 | |
11 | The 12th Five-Year Plan for the Renewable Energy | Promoting the demonstration of biodiesel industrialization, scientifically guiding and standardizing the development of the biodiesel industry that uses catering and waste animal and vegetable fats as raw materials. Carrying out pilot R&D of 1000-ton biodiesel. | August 2012 | |
12 | Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014–2020) | Strengthening the research and demonstration of advanced biomass energy technology, focusing on the development of biodiesel, and advancing the development and demonstration of microalgae oil production technology. | June 2014 | |
13 | Biodiesel Industry Development Policy | Scientifically formulating a biodiesel industry plan, gradually forming an industrial pattern, clarifying industry access standards, promoting the application of biodiesel, strengthening technological innovation, providing financial and market support, and strengthening supervision and management. | November 2014 | |
14 | Guidance Catalogue for Foreign Investment Industries (Revised in 2017) | Removing restrictions on foreign investment access in biodiesel production and other fields. | July 2017 | |
Notices and Opinions | 15 | Notice on Issuing the Catalogue of Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (Revised in 2003) | Using waste animal and vegetable oils to produce biodiesel and special oils. | January 2004 |
16 | Notice | Applying biodiesel production technology | October 2005 | |
17 | Notice on Issuing the Interim Measures for the Management of Special Funds for Renewable Energy Development | The focus is to support the development of bioethanol fuel, biodiesel, etc. | May 2006 | |
18 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the Minutes of the Working Conference on Non-Food Biological Liquid Fuels | Carrying out industrialization demonstration. Paying close attention to the formulation of national standards for biodiesel and improve the marketing system of bioliquid fuel. | July 2006 | |
19 | Opinions on the implementation of fiscal and taxation support policies for the development of bioenergy and biochemical | Support the implementation of national fiscal and taxation support policies | September 2006 | |
20 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Comprehensive Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Work Plan | Accelerating the basic research and preliminary preparation of biodiesel. | ||
21 | Notice on Interim Measures for the Administration of Non-grain Guided Incentive Funds for Bioenergy and Biochemical | Providing special funds to support biodiesel production expansion demonstration; clarifying fund application standards | May 2007 | |
22 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Medium and Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy | Focusing on the development of biological liquid fuels. By 2010, the annual utilization of biodiesel will reach 200,000 tons. By 2020, the annual utilization will reach 2 million tons | July 2007 | |
23 | Notice on the release of the Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction National Science and Technology Action Plan | Implementing the projects of technology research and development such as biodiesel development and application | August 2007 | |
24 | Notice on comprehensive utilization of resources and VAT policies for other products | For the self-produced comprehensive utilization of biodiesel, the policy of VAT first collection and then retreat shall be implemented. | September 2007 | |
25 | Notice on Issuing Certain Policies to Promote the Development of the Bio-industry | Promote the development of biodiesel and carry out application pilots in an orderly manner. The state gives appropriate support to biodiesel products. | December 2008 | |
26 | Notice on the Exemption of Consumption Tax on the Production of Pure Biodiesel from Waste Animal and Vegetable Oils | Exemption of consumption tax on pure biodiesel produced using waste animal oil and vegetable oil as raw materials | June 2009 | |
27 | Notice on Clarifying the Scope of Application of Consumption Tax Exemption for the Production of Pure Biodiesel from Waste Animal and Vegetable Oils | Clarifying the applicable scope of exemption of consumption tax for the production of pure biodiesel from waste animal and vegetable oils | December 2010 | |
28 | Notice on Printing and Distributing 12th Five-Year Plan for biotechnology development | Develop common key technologies and special equipment for the manufacturing process of non-grain biodiesel products, and establish demonstrations of large-scale production technologies for bioenergy products. | June 2011 | |
29 | Notice on issuing 12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Industry Development | Encouraging the production of biodiesel from kitchen waste oil | November 2011 | |
30 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biomass Energy | Clarifying key tasks such as scale, industrialization, key engineering organizations and technologies, and industrial system construction, providing safeguards and implementation mechanisms, estimating investment, and analyzing social and environmental impacts. | June 2012 | |
31 | Notice on issuing 12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Saving | Promote alternative fuels such as alcohol ether fuel and biodiesel based on local conditions | July 2012 | |
32 | Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Development Plan of Biological Industry | Building a bioliquid fuel industry chain. Increasing the research and development of cutting-edge technologies such as oil algae biodiesel and aviation biofuels, and promoting the demonstration of industrialization. | August 2012 | |
33 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Circular Economy Development Strategy and Immediate Action Plan | Encouraging the use of food and kitchen waste biodiesel. Promoting developing R&D technology for the utilization of fast food kitchen waste resources, optimizing the technological process route, and increasing promotion and application. | December 2012 | |
34 | Notice on Clarifying the Purpose of Taxation of Refined Oil on Part of the Import Tax | Consumption tax is levied on biodiesel that meets the regulations, and the tax amount is 0.8 yuan/liter. | January 2013 | |
35 | Notice on Further Promoting the Upgrading of Refined Oil Quality and Strengthening Market Management | Strictly stopping the sale of low-standard biodiesel on time | December 2013 | |
36 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development Biomass Energy | Promoting the application of biodiesel in transportation. To achieve an annual utilization of biodiesel of 2 million tons; | February 2016 | |
37 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for Biological Industry Development | Improving the raw material supply system, orderly developing and utilizing waste oil resources and non-edible oil resources to develop biodiesel. Promoting the research and development of cutting-edge technologies such as cellulose biodiesel and bio aviation fuel, and promoting industrialization demonstration and market application. | October 2016 | |
38 | Notice on Printing and Distributing The 13th Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy Development | Upgrading and reform biodiesel projects to improve product quality and meeting transportation fuel quality needs. Promoting the industrialization demonstration application of biomass conversion and synthesis of high-grade fuel oil and bio aviation fuel. | December 2016 | |
39 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Technology Innovation | Establishing a demonstration project of enzyme biodiesel industrialization. Developing key technologies for biojet fuel with complementary oils and sugar-based raw materials. | December 2016 | |
40 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries | Promoting the industrialization of advanced biological liquid fuels. Improving the raw material supply system and developing biodiesel in an orderly manner. Promoting the development and industrialization of cutting-edge technologies such as oil algae biodiesel and bio aviation fuel. | December 2016 | |
41 | Notice on Printing and Distributing Guidance of Energy Work (2017) | Accelerating the introduction of new versions of ethanol gasoline and biodiesel standards for vehicles, and carrying out related upgrades. Achieving full supply of B5 biodiesel. | December 2016 | |
42 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Special-Plan for Biotechnology Innovation | Focusing on improving biodiesel manufacturing capacity. Developing key technologies for microalgae preparation of biodiesel, and establishing a demonstration base for biodiesel green process production. | February 2017 | |
43 | Notice on Printing and Distributing Guidance of Energy Work (2018) | Increasing the proportion of non-fossil energy in transportation fuels. Improving the refined oil market supervision system and increasing the special spot check of oil quality | April 2017 | |
44 | Notice | Full supply of vehicle diesel (including B5 biodiesel) that complies with the sixth stage of the mandatory national standard VI | February 2018 | |
45 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the Energy Standardization Management Measures and Implementation Rules | Providing management standards for the development and management of biodiesel projects | December 2018 | |
45 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the Energy Standardization Management Measures and Implementation Rules | Providing management standards for the development and management of biodiesel projects | April 2019 |
Sort of Categories | Analysis Category | Definition |
---|---|---|
Policy objectives | Environmental Sustainability | Reduction of GHG emissions, and use biodiesel to replace fossil fuels for environmental protection and climate neutrality [11,24,25]. |
Energy Supply Continuity | Expectation that energy supply could be achieved through energy diversity, the deployment of renewables as substitutes for gas or oil [25,26]. | |
Industrial Development | Growth of the industry in the market [25], or creation of new industry that can lead to job creation and find increasing market to serve [24]. | |
Technology Innovation | Foster innovation and commercialization of technologies, which are exportable, and the provision of employment [24,25]. | |
Rural Development | Stimulate the development of dynamic, competitive and sustainable economies in the countryside and tackle poverty in rural areas [24,25]. | |
Financial Support | The support for relevant market players to generate desired economic behaviors, including fixed feed-in tariffs, investment subsidies, tax emptions for production costs, and fees or grants for technology innovation [32]. | |
Policy Instruments | Standard Control | The provision of the regulatory environment, which forced market players by laws or policies to encourage the set of behaviors defined acceptable for the state authority. These regulations include technology standards, safety standards and production stops, as well as the technology bands for long-term contracts at a fixed price [27]. |
Supervised Evaluation | Evaluation for the permits of market players who have been licensed and active in the market, as well as the review for the effects and effectiveness of policy instruments [24]. | |
Legal Liability | Punishment for deviant behaviors with negative sanctions, such as a fine, restrictions of trade, and prohibitions [28]. | |
Market Configuration | Built up a market segment for renewable energies through the establishment of new marketing channels, such as the expansion of footholds [32]. | |
Sample Engineering | Encouragement for the construction of a significant number of new renewable energy power plants or factories through the direct investments of the government [32]. | |
Infrastructure | The government establishes R&D labs or other projects, which improve electrical testing and the certification system [30]. |
Number | Code | Analysis Category | 2003–2007 | 2008–2011 | 2012–2019 | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |||
Policy Objectives | ||||||||||
1 | A | Environmental Sustainability | 12 | 11.54% | 4 | 7.02% | 16 | 7.31% | 32 | 8.42% |
2 | B | Energy Supply Continuity | 11 | 14.43% | 6 | 15.79% | 24 | 13.24% | 41 | 13.95% |
3 | C | Industrial Development | 6 | 5.77% | 7 | 12.28% | 13 | 5.94% | 26 | 6.84% |
4 | D | Technology Innovation | 14 | 13.46% | 7 | 12.28% | 25 | 11.42% | 46 | 12.11% |
5 | E | Rural Development | 8 | 7.69% | 4 | 7.02% | 12 | 5.48% | 24 | 6.32% |
Policy Instruments | ||||||||||
6 | F | Financial Support | 16 | 15.38% | 7 | 12.28% | 18 | 8.22% | 41 | 10.79% |
7 | G | Standard Control | 9 | 8.65% | 3 | 5.26% | 24 | 10.96% | 36 | 9.47% |
8 | H | Supervised Evaluation | 5 | 4.81% | 2 | 3.51% | 28 | 12.79% | 35 | 9.21% |
9 | I | Legal Liability | 3 | 2.88% | 4 | 7.02% | 10 | 4.57% | 17 | 4.47% |
10 | J | Market Configuration | 6 | 5.77% | 5 | 8.77% | 14 | 6.39% | 25 | 6.58% |
11 | K | Sample Engineering | 7 | 6.73% | 4 | 7.02% | 16 | 7.31% | 27 | 7.11% |
12 | L | Infrastructure | 3 | 2.88% | 1 | 1.75% | 14 | 6.39% | 18 | 4.74% |
Total | 104 | 100% | 57 | 100% | 219 | 100% | 380 | 100% |
Document Number | Name of the Policy Text | Institutions for Policy Implementation | Date | Code Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China | National People’s Council | February 2005 | 1-1-1ABB; 1-4-16BGJ; 1-4-18E; 1-6-24F; 1-7I |
2 | Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised in 2009) | NPC of the People’s Republic | December 2009 | 2-1-1ABB; 2-4-16BGJ; 2-4-18E; 2-6-24F; 2-7I |
3 | Technological Policy of Pollution Control for Diesel Vehicles | State Environmental Protection Administration | January 2003 | 3-3-1A; 3-3-4BD |
4 | The National special Plan for Technical Equipment Development and Major Industrial Technology Development | National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology | February 2005 | 4-2-2D; 4-1-2CD; 4-3-8GI; 4-3-6F |
5 | The Guide For Key Areas of Current Priority Development of High-tech Industrialization | National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology | January 2007 | 5-72CD |
6 | The 11th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biological Industry | National Development and Reform Commission | March 2007 | 6-3-3BCDEGK; 6-1-2A; 6-4-2DFLI; 6-4-4FJ; 6-4-5F; 6-4-6J |
7 | The Application Guidelines for 2007 Special Topics in the Field of 863 Program Resources and Environmental Technology | Ministry of Science and Technology | March 2007 | 7-3-1A; 7-3-2DF |
8 | The Plan of International Science and Technology Cooperation Program for Renewable Energy and New Energy | Ministry of Science and Technology; National Development and Reform Commission | November 2007 | 8-1A; 8-15-2D; 8-16-2K; 8-16-3G; 8-17-2F |
9 | The 11th Five-Year Plan for the Renewable Energy | National Development and Reform Commission | March 2008 | 9-1-3B; 9-3-2ABDEC; 9-3-2DJBK; 9-3-2E; 9-5-1I; 9-5-2F; 9-5-3J; 9-5-4CD |
10 | The 12th Five-Year plan for Science and Technology Development | Ministry of Science and Technology | July 2011 | 10-4-5DBCK; 10-10-2C; 10-11-1I; 10-11-3F; 10-9-12H |
11 | The 12th Five-Year Plan for the Renewable Energy | National Energy Administration | August 2012 | 11-2-1AB; 11-3-4E; 11-3-4BLCKD; 11-3-5E; 11-3-8E; 11-4ABC; 11-4-1H; 11-4-1F; 11-4-1G; 11-4-2H; 11-5-2E |
12 | Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014-2020) | State Council | June 2014 | 12-2-1DKB; 12-1-2AB; 12-2-2E; 12-2-3B; 12-2-4D; 12-3-1BJIH; 12-3-2F |
13 | Biodiesel Industry Development Policy | National Energy Administration | November 2014 | 13-1-1JAC; 13-1-2LID; 13-1-3G; 13-1-4JFGH; 13-2-9H; 13-2B; 13-3-10L; 13-3-11J; 13-3-12LC; 13-3-13LD; 13-5H; 13-5-19G; 13-6-24HI; 13-7-28GJ; 13-8DG; 13-9A; 13-10F; 13-11H |
14 | Guidance Catalogue for Foreign Investment Industries (Revised in 2017) | National Development and Reform Commission | July 2017 | 14-1H |
15 | Notice on Issuing the Catalogue of Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (Revised in 2003) | National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Finance; State Taxation Administration | January 2004 | 15-1AF; 15-46B |
16 | Notice | National Development and Reform Commission | October 2005 | 16-41DG |
17 | Notice on Issuing the Interim Measures for the Management of Special Funds for Renewable Energy Development | National Development and Reform Commission | May 2006 | 17-2-6FB; 17-3-2E; 17-5H; 17-1-1H |
18 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the Minutes of the Working Conference on Non-Food Biological Liquid Fuels | National Development and Reform Commission | July 2006 | 18-1AB; 18-2EH; 18-3GK; 18-4J; 18-5F |
19 | Opinions on the implementation of fiscal and taxation support policies for the development of bioenergy and biochemical | Ministry of Finance | September 2006 | 19-1-1ABL; 19-2F; 19-3-5E; 19-3-8BGKJ; 19-3-9F; 19-3-10H; 19-3-11GH; 19-4-13E |
20 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Comprehensive Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Work Plan | State Council | May 2007 | 20-1A; 20-2-6ACDK |
21 | Notice on Interim Measures for the Administration of Non-grain Guided Incentive Funds for Bioenergy and Biochemical | Ministry of Finance | July 2007 | 21-2CFBK; 21-3GDA; 21-3-2E |
22 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Medium and Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy | National Development and Reform Commission | August 2007 | 22-6-2B; 22-6-2LDJ; 22-5CA; 22-7-3E; 22-8-2B; 22-8-3B; 22-8-5F; 22-8-4F; 22-8-6D |
23 | Notice on the release of the Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction National Science and Technology Action Plan | Ministry of Science and Technology | September 2007 | 23-2A; 23-3-4DBK; 23-4-2F |
24 | Notice on comprehensive utilization of resources and VAT policies for other products | Ministry of Finance; State Taxation Administration | December 2008 | 24-5FAB |
25 | Notice on Issuing Certain Policies to Promote the Development of the Bio-industry | State Council | June 2009 | 25-2-7BJ; 25-6-20FKC; 25-8J; 25-1CD |
26 | Notice on the Exemption of Consumption Tax on the Production of Pure Biodiesel from Waste Animal and Vegetable Oils | Ministry of Finance; State Taxation Administration | December 2010 | 26-1FG |
27 | Notice on Clarifying the Scope of Application of Consumption Tax Exemption for the Production of Pure Biodiesel from Waste Animal and Vegetable Oils | Ministry of Finance | June 2011 | 27-1G |
28 | Notice on Printing and Distributing 12th Five-Year Plan for biotechnology development | Ministry of Science and Technology | November 2011 | 28-4-3DK; 28-5-2FH; 28-5-3DL; 28-5-4I; 28-1AB; 28-3C |
29 | Notice on issuing 12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Saving and Environmental Protection Industry Development | State Council | June 2012 | 29-3-2B; 29-5-2D; 29-2-3C; 29-2-3D; 29-2-3H; 29-1A |
30 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Biomass Energy | National Energy Administration | July 2012 | 30-2A; 30-3-1B; 30-3-1CKB; 30-3-3EL; 30-3-4DL; 30-3-4G; 30-3-4D; 30-3-2J; 30-4-1H; 30-4-1B; 30-4-1EF; 30-4-4G; 30-4-1JK; 30-4-1L; 30-4IH; 30-5-2E |
31 | Notice on issuing 12th Five-Year Plan for Energy Saving | State Council | August 2012 | 31-4-1B; 31-5-1A; 31-5-2H; 31-5-4I; 31-5-5F; 31-5-6F; 31-5-7J; 31-5-8D; 31-5-9I |
32 | Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Development Plan of Biological Industry | State Council | December 2012 | 32-3-5BE; 32-3-5BDKH; 32-4-1HG; 32-4-2JK; 32-4-3F |
33 | The Notice on Printing and Distributing Circular Economy Development Strategy and Immediate Action Plan | State Council | January 2013 | 33-6-6BD; 33-6A; 33-8-1F; 33-8-2IG; 33-8-3H; 33-8-4DK |
34 | Notice on Clarifying the Purpose of Taxation of Refined Oil on Part of the Import Tax | Ministry of Finance | December 2013 | 34-2F |
35 | Notice on Further Promoting the Upgrading of Refined Oil Quality and Strengthening Market Management | National Development and Reform Commission | February 2016 | 35-1AJ; 35-2H; 35-3HG |
36 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development Biomass Energy | National Energy Administration | October 2016 | 36-3-4BCGKD; 36-2-3B; 36-2-1A; 36-4-1BEF; 36-4-2J; 36-4-3EK; 36-4-5HG |
37 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for Biological Industry Development | National Development and Reform Commission | December 2016 | 37-3-5ABC; 37-3-5DKLB; 37-4-5A; 37-5-3DGL; 37-6-3J; 37-7-1F |
38 | Notice on Printing and Distributing The 13th Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy Development | National Development and Reform Commission | December 2016 | 38-4-4CDKB; 38-4-4AF; 38-8-3G; 38-5L; 38-6-2K; 38-7-1H; 38-7-2D; 38-7-3H; 38-7-3D; 38-7-5G; 38-7-6L |
39 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Technology Innovation | National Energy Administration | December 2016 | 39-3-4D; 39-3-1BDK; 39-4-1HGD; 39-4-2KFC; 39-4-3L |
40 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Strategic Emerging Industries | State Council | December 2016 | 40-4-6BDCKL; 40-4HG; 40-10-5F; 40-5A; 40-5-2BC |
41 | Notice on Printing and Distributing Guidance of Energy Work (2017) | National Energy Administration | February 2017 | 41-2-1JGH; 41-2-6G; 41-2-2B; 41-2-7I |
42 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the 13th Five-Year Special-Plan for Biotechnology Innovation | Ministry of Science and Technology | April 2017 | 42-4-2ABDKB; 42-5-3FHC; 42-5-5GI |
43 | Notice on Printing and Distributing Guidance of Energy Work (2018) | National Energy Administration | February 2018 | 43-2-2BH |
44 | Notice | National Development and Reform Commission; National Energy Administration; | December 2018 | 44-1JG; 44-2G; 44-4EH |
45 | Notice on Printing and Distributing the Energy Standardization Management Measures and Implementation Rules | National Energy Administration | April 2019 | 45-1-2G; 45-3-11I; 45-4-18H; 45-4-20F; 45-5-23F |
Calendar Year | Production (Million Liters) |
---|---|
2006 | 273 |
2007 | 352 |
2008 | 534 |
2009 | 591 |
2010 | 568 |
2011 | 738 |
2012 | 927 |
2013 | 1079 |
2014 | 1133 |
2015 | 787 |
2016 | 909 |
2017 | 1043 |
2018 | 834 |
2019 | 900 |
Institutional Composition | National Peoples’ Council | State Council | Relevant Ministries of the State Council | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Development and Reform Commission | Ministry of Finance | Ministry of Science and Technology | Ministry of Ecology and Environment | National Energy Administration | ||||
Quantity Percentage/% | 2 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 45 |
4.44% | 20.00% | 31.11% | 13.33% | 13.33% | 2.22% | 15.56% | 100.00% | |
Text Composition | Laws | Plans | Notices and Opinions | Total | ||||
Quantity Percentage/% | 2 | 12 | 31 | 45 | ||||
4.44% | 26.67% | 68.89% | 100.00% |
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Share and Cite
Chung, C.-c.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Wang, Y.; Wei, Z. The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019. Processes 2020, 8, 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080948
Chung C-c, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Wei Z. The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019. Processes. 2020; 8(8):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080948
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung, Chao-chen, Yapeng Zhang, Lina Liu, Yixuan Wang, and Ziji Wei. 2020. "The Evolution of Biodiesel Policies in China over the Period 2000–2019" Processes 8, no. 8: 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8080948