Abstract
Surface treatment techniques, that is, smoothing and burnishing, help to define the cultural, traditional, and economical state of an ancient society. They prove artistic feelings combined with practical skills were used to obtain more attractive and highly functional objects. This paper aims to prepare the reader to investigate ceramic surfaces and discern between different treatments. Interpretation of the finishing techniques is based mainly on a wide variety of surface topography. Both treatments plastically deform the surface and tend to diminish its roughness, but the results are strikingly different. A smoothed surface has still large irregularities and a dull or matte appearance due to the diffuse reflection of light. A burnished surface has only small-sized irregularities and is glossy/lustrous due to specular reflection of light. Smoothing slightly aligns the platy minerals only at the very surface, whereas, burnishing may create two separate individual levels: A burnish peel and a subsurface layer. The differences are evidenced by all applied analytical methods, such as macroscopy, optical microscopy, electron microprobe, scanning electron microscopy, and vertical scanning interferometry.
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Notes
Coordinates: 36° 30′ 14.4′′ N, 39° 5′ 34.8′′ E; ~ 80 km N of Raqqa, in northern Syria.
Not to be confused with the same term applied to the wheel-forming technique (for details, see Thér et al. 2017).
For detailed description of burnishing techniques, see von Dassow (2009)
A hand loupe and a Nikon H600L stereoscopic microscope equipped with a digital camera were used in this study.
The thin sections were investigated with a Zeiss Axio Imager-type petrographic microscope. The images were captured with a Zen 2011 Axio ICc5 digital video camera, working at 5 Mega pixel resolution.
Polished thin sections, coated with carbon under vacuum, were analyzed with a JXA Superprobe8600 electron microprobe (Salzburg University), at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and ~ 3-μm diameter of electron-beam. For high-quality back scattered images, the beam current intensity was 10–15 nA.
Small chips of CAP and MBC samples were coated with a 10-nm thick PdPt film and investigated with a Hitachi 8230 equipment (National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca) that enables to visualize components around 10 nm in size. The equipment worked at 30 kV acceleration voltage.
Modern MBC pottery has been analyzed by VSI using a ZemetricsZeMapper instrument equipped with a CCD camera. The surface topography of the sample was obtained at high vertical (~ 1 nm, white light mode) and lateral (minimum ~ 50-nm virtual pixel diameter) resolution.
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Acknowledgements
CI acknowledges financial support by the Excellence Research Program (Romanian Ministry of Education and Ministry of Research) through the UEFISCDI/CNCS project PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0229, as well as support through AGC 31230/2020 project granted by the Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca. The authors are thankful for the observations of the reviewers, which helped to improve the paper. Many thanks are due to Dr. Cristian Roman (Corvin Castle Museum, Hunedoara) and Alexandra Enea-Giurgiu (Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca) for providing Copper Age pottery samples. Dr. Lucian Barbu-Tudoran (National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca) is thanked for helping with CFE-SEM analysis. Dr. Cornelius Fischer (Institut für Ressourcenökologie, Leipzig) is acknowledged for providing the VIS images. Special thanks are due to Sumi von Dassow, who kindly provided the image of her burnished artwork.
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Romanian Ministry of Education and Ministry of Research—award no. PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0229—Recipient: Corina Ionescu. Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca—award AGC no. 31230/2020 —Recipient: Corina Ionescu.
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Ionescu, C., Hoeck, V. Ceramic technology. How to investigate surface finishing. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 204 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01144-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01144-9