Abstract
The current work described the preparation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the plant extract of Impatiens balsamina followed by evaluating their wound-healing potential. The formed NPs were studied by performing UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Further, both the thermal and excision wound models were used to understand the wound-healing ability of AuNPs. It is exhibited that at a concentration of 20 mg, the AuNPs exhibited substantial decrease in excision wound within 8 days. The obtained wound-healing results indicated that the AuNPs prepared from the leaf extract of I. balsamina exhibited active wound-healing potential when related to traditional drugs; hence, AuNPs could have future applications in the development of dressing materials in nursing care for wound healing after surgery.
1 Introduction
Owing to their biogenic, facile, biological applications and biofabrication techniques, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained significant consideration in the recent years [1,2,3]. AuNPs biogenic and eco-friendly synthesis with the help of algae [4], microorganisms [5], plants [1,6] and fungi [7] was already demonstrated. Various chemical, biological and physical approaches can be utilized to fabricate NPs. Chemical and physical approaches use high temperature and pressure along with poisonous chemicals, which can also harm both the humans and environment. Thus, an environmental-friendly approach is required for the fabrication of NPs. The biofabrication of NPs with the help of microorganisms and various medically important plant extracts was previously demonstrated with considerable biological uses [2,3,4,6]. The application of plant extract in the fabrication of NPs is much more efficient than the utilization of microorganisms, because of the fact that microorganisms need more effort and attention, especially to isolate, identify, subculture, develop and preserve under appropriate conditions.
The fabrication of AuNPs utilizing plant extracts has been demonstrated for their variety of biomedical applications such as antiparasitic [8,9], antibacterial [10], anticancer [1,11] and antioxidant [12] activities. Similarly, green synthesized nanomaterials are reported to be widely used to reduce environmental pollution such as in waste water treatment [13,14,15,16,17]. Also, various nanomaterials such as metallic, bimetallic and graphene nanocomposites that are synthesized via green methods were reported to have applications in catalysis and degradation of various organic dyes and pollutants. For example, biosynthesized nanomaterials such as Ag/diatomite nanocomposite [18], Ag/Al2O3 NPs [19], AuNPs [20], Ag/zeolite [21], Ag NPs/clinoptilolite [22], Ag/high silica pentasil zeolite socony mobil-5 [23], Au–Ag [24], Ag/ZnO [25], AgNPs [26,27,28,29,30], Ag/Fe3O4 [31] and Ag/bone nanocomposite [32] have already been reported to exhibit good catalytic activity. Similarly, graphene composites prepared via green methods such as reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Ag [33,34], RGO/TiO2 [35], Ag/RGO/Fe3O4 [36] and Ag–Cr–AC [37] were used as nanocatalysts for catalytic reduction of organic dyes. Likewise, Au/Pd [38], Au [39] and Ag/sodium borosilicate nanocomposites [40] have been used as catalysts in organic reactions. On the other hand, biomediated AgNPs were used for catalytic hydration of cyanamides [41] and cyanation of aryland heteroaryl aldehydes [42]. Also, plant extract mediated biosynthesized NPs such as Ag/Cu NPs [43], Ag@AgCl [44], ZnO-Ag [45] and Ag/AgCl [46] are reported for the degradation of dyes and organic compounds. Similarly, Ag/Au [47], TiO2/AgNPs [48], Fe/Pd [49], AgNPs [50] and Ag/MgO [51] have been used for photocatalytic degradation or removal of various dyes.
The activity of AuNPs depends on factors including AuNP size, concentration and type of cancer cell [3,11,52]. Because of the existence of various reducing phytochemicals [1,2,3], the AuNPs formed using plant extracts are poly-dispersive in nature, whereas monodispersive AuNPs are typically fabricated through citrate reduction [53,54]. Exposing NPs for quite a long period raised questions about its toxicologic effects on human health. Recent reports on NPs have shown their toxic effects and created controversy [55]. In the field of research, AuNPs are much more significant because of their self-assembled structure, non-toxic nature and enhanced drug delivery [56].
In the present work, AuNPs were prepared using the plant extract of Impatiens balsamina followed by evaluating their wound-healing potential. Further, two models such as thermal and excision wound models were used to understand the wound-healing ability of AuNPs.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials
During the experimental process, triple distilled water of 0.2 µm (OKCHEM, China) was utilized after filtering. Sigma Aldrich, Shanghai, China supplied crystal violet stain and gold(iii) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4 3H2O; tetrachloroauric acid). The solution of WST-1VR (monosodium salt, 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) for performing the assay of cell viability was obtained from our lab in China. Prolong antifade reagent was collected from Eugene, OR, USA. 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and PBS (pH 7.0) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, China. The 96-well microplate, cell culture flasks and cover slip bottom plates were utilized from our lab.
2.2 I. balsamina leaves extraction
Filtered triple distilled water was utilized to wash the dry leaves of I. balsamina followed by drying at standard room temperature (25°C). An electric grinder was utilized to fine powder the dried leaves. Filtered triple distilled water of 100 mL was taken in a flask of 250 mL. Leaf powder of 10 g was added to the flask followed by boiling the flask for about 1 h at a temperature of 70°C in a water bath. The mixture was further subjected to centrifugation for about 20 min at 2,500 rpm. Syringe filter of 0.2 µm (Sigma Aldrich, China) was utilized to filter the supernatant. The resultant was then stored at 4°C for further utilization.
2.3 Biofabrication of AuNPs
Biofabrication of AuNPs was performed by adding 1 mL I. balsamina plant extract to 19 mL solution of 1 mM tetrachloroauric acid. The solution was continuously stirred in a water bath at 50°C for 20 min. Then the high-speed centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 0.5 h separates the synthesized NPs from the reaction mixture. To remove unwanted impurities from AuNPs, the centrifuged resultant was washed thrice using filtered triple distilled water. To achieve their powdered state, the extracted AuNPs are lyophilized and stored at −20°C until necessary.
2.4 Characterization studies
For monitoring synthesis of AuNPs, the UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (Shanghai, China) of range 300–800 nm was used. The synthesized AuNPs specimen was mounted on a carbon grid-copper disk, and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM; H7500, HITACHI, China) examined the morphology, size and shape. The powdered form of AuNPs was kept in double-sided taped sample stubs to determine elemental analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JSM-6700F; JEOL, China) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). X-ray diffraction (XRD; PHILIPS X’PERT-MPD, China) was used to analyze the crystalline structure and diffraction pattern and was operated at 40 kV in Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.540 Å, 30 mA current). For the identification of phytochemical compounds associated with the synthesis of AuNPs, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (NicoletiS10; Thermo Electron Sci Inst. LLC, WI, USA), having a scope of 500–4,000 cm−1 was used. Origin Pro 9.1 SRO technology (OriginLab Corp. from Northampton, MA, USA) was utilized for analyzing all the graphs (FTIR, UV-Vis and XRD).
2.5 In vivo wound-healing activity
2.5.1 Experimental animals
Swiss albino rats of any gender, weighing approximately 120–150 g were utilized for the in vivo studies. The tests were performed in agreement with globally recognized principles for animal laboratory applications and the investigational protocols are accepted by the Institution of Animal Ethical Committee. The animals were kept in cages of polypropylene under standard ecological conditions (from 20 to 25°C) and were served with regular rodent diet and surplus water.
2.5.2 Excision wound model
Rats were sedated by open-mask technique using anesthetic ether. Animals were depilated on their back and complete thickness of skin was removed in the dorsal inter-scapular area of 500 mm2. Groups III, IV, V and VI were treated with AuNPs of concentration 5, 10, 15 and 20%, respectively. Group I was considered as control (untouched) and Group II was applied with regular ointment (neomycin). Proper dressing was done on the wounds, and the dressing was changed daily. While changing the dressing, wounds were examined by capturing their photographs. The progress in the wounds was observed planimetrically, and traces of the wounds were margined on graphs every alternate day. The healing of wound, i.e. the dimension of burn range on the graph paper, was expressed in “mm2”. Reduction in injury size was represented as the percentage contraction of original size of the wound.
Deteriorating of skin with no raw wound behind was marked as the end point of full epithelialization, and the number of days required for the same was considered as the period of epithelialization.
2.5.3 Thermal wound model
Open-mask method was used to sedate rats using anesthetic ether followed by depilating their backs using electrical clippers. Rats are kept in a container wherein about 10% of their bodies are visible. The visible surface of every animal was submerged for 6 s in 90°C water, which resulted in grade II burn on the 10% exposed area. In order to avoid shock, rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection consisting of 3 to 5 mL solution of saline. Wounds were then dressed appropriately and treatment was accessed per the above process for wound-healing and epithelialization period. As a standard drug, silver sulfadiazine (1%) was used.
3 Results and discussion
Several spectral findings are recorded throughout the AuNP synthesis, and a combination of reaction changes color to violet from light yellow. The characteristic shift of color is an indicator of AuNPs synthesis and may be attributed to surface plasmon resonance [57]. Such findings are well in accordance with the previous research results [10,11,12]. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis verified the AuNPs fabrication. A strong peak was observed at 542 nm for 20 mL of tetrachloroauric acid solution in 5% (v/v) I. balsamina extract (Figure 1). The peak formed at 540 nm refers to the development of AuNPs [11,12,14] depending upon the morphology, size, shape and medium of contact [11,58].
UV-Vis spectrum of AuNPs.
The EDX analysis determined the elementary composition of the produced AuNPs. Figure 2 demonstrated the obtained EDX spectrum in conjunction with TEM, and the spectrum shows a strong peak for gold metal of around 2 keV. The EDX elemental peak at 2 keV was reported previously to be substantial for gold metal [11,59]. During AuNPs synthesis, the appearance of oxygen in EDX range may be attributed to stable or intermediate formation of molecules.
EDX spectrum of prepared AuNPs.
TEM indicated morphological characteristics, shape and size of particles. The TEM images produced via synthesized AuNPs are shown in Figure 3a and b. TEM images reveal that the AuNPs synthesized were mostly oval, and spherical in shape, ranging in size of approximately 25–30 nm. TEM images also displayed the poly-dispersed existence of the AuNPs synthesized, which can occur due to a combination of one or more reduction agents present in the leaf extract of I. balsamina. Similar findings have been reported previously [11,59,60]. A unified compound from the plant extract can be used to form monodispersed AuNPs. Per our knowledge, we are the first to document the synthesis of AuNPs using I. balsamina extract from the leaf as a reduction agent.
TEM images of AuNPs with high (a) and low magnification (b).
Figure 4 displays the XRD pattern of the formed AuNPs. The XRD pattern shows four peaks corresponding to (311), (220), (200) and (111) planes dependent on AuNPs face-centered cubic configuration with diffraction peaks of 2θ degrees = 77.70°, 64.71°, 44.31° and 38.14°, respectively. XRD examination has verified the crystalline structure of AuNPs. AuNPs that are synthesized with extracts of different plants such as Hibiscus sabdariffa, Benincasa hispida and Rhus chinensis [11,59,60] also reported, a similar pattern of peaks; this suggests that the above results are in concordance with earlier studies.
XRD pattern of AuNPs.
FTIR studied the role of biomolecules during AuNPs synthesis. Figure 5 displays the spectrum obtained from FTIR examination. FTIR peaks of the I. balsamina leaf extract (897, 3,427, 1,391, 1,632, and 1,328 cm−1) and the AuNPs synthesized (1,062, 1,381, 1,638, and 3,442 cm−1) indicated shifting. The peak-to-peak comparison helps determining the participation of functional molecular groups that interacted during the process of reduction. The peaks found at 3,442 and 3,427 cm−1 represent the O–H stretching vibrations and were noticed to be formed because of the presence of organic molecules such as phenols and alcohols. The 1,638 and 1,632 cm−1 peaks refer to the N–H functionalities of 1° amines. I. balsamina extract peak obtained at 1,328 cm−1 may refer to N–O symmetric stretching vibrations allotted to nitro compound that vanished in fabricated AuNPs. The obtained peaks at 1,162 and 1,117 cm−1 refer to C–N functional group formed because of the existence of aliphatic amine functional groups. The peak obtained at 897 cm−1 corresponding to C–H bond has vanished because of the functional groups present in aromatic compounds. Related observations have been recorded at bands 3,400 and 3,224 cm−1, suggesting the presence of O–H hydroxyl group in the fabrication of AuNPs [11,59]. The results indicate that during AuNPs synthesis, functional groups are responsible in the process of stabilizing and minimizing. These results are in agreement with the previous literature where enzymes were used for synthesis and surface stabilization or functionalization of NPs [61,62].
FTIR spectrum of AuNPs and plant extract.
3.1 Stability of the formulations
We did not observe any evidence of impact on the storage at different temperatures, physical instability or any indication on the formation of objectionable odor as well as phase separation.
3.2 Pharmacological evaluation of wound-healing activity
3.2.1 Excision wound model
During the treatment period, the rate of reduction of the unhealed area was indicated by the factor called wound contraction. The medication’s efficacy is higher when the reduction is greater. It can be observed that in the case of rats treated with various concentrations of AuNPs, wound healing took place much faster, which took around 8 days for complete healing. Whereas in the control group, the animals that did not receive any treatment showed the least wound-healing rate. Even though the area of unhealed wound was lesser than the control group for neomycin ointment, the injury failed to recover even post day 8. In the group of animals treated with AuNPs, the injury contraction rate was substantially lower (p < 0.05) than that in the animal’s group of control (Table 1).
Effect of AuNPs on wound contraction percentage in excision wound model
| Groups | Percentage of wound contraction | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Day 4 | Day 6 | Day 8 | |
| Control | 49.23 ± 0.16 | 72.57 ± 0.16 | 73.36 ± 1.003 |
| Neomycin 1% | 50.69 ± 0.17 | 78.77 ± 0.18 | 81.23 ± 0.23 |
| AuNPs 5% | 51.58 ± 0.24 | 77.19 ± 0.15 | 99.19 ± 0.66 |
| AuNPs 10% | 57.63 ± 0.22 | 84.56 ± 0.16 | 98.26 ± 0.68 |
| AuNPs 15% | 59.67 ± 0.31 | 86.41 ± 0.15 | 99.04 ± 0.29 |
| AuNPs 20% | 60.37 ± 0.23 | 85.47 ± 0.16 | 99.89 ± 0.45 |
The assessment of the epithelialization duration showed that groups treated with AuNPs needed a maximum healing and epithelialization duration of about 9 days, while the standard and control groups took around 10 and 12 days accordingly (Figure 6).
Effect of AuNPs on period of epithelialization in excision wound model.
In the excision injury, as contrasted with the control group, the individual animal group administrated with AuNPs displayed significant reduction in healing the wound. Full healing was achieved in animals administered AuNPs within 8 days, while 12 and 10 days were taken, respectively, for control and standard groups. Re-epithelialization was achieved within 2 weeks in the burn wound in AuNPs-treated animals, whereas it required 3 weeks for re-epithelialization in the control group animals.
3.2.2 Thermal wound model
Table 2 demonstrated the development of healing the injury caused by ointments of AuNPs-administered groups (20, 15, 10, and 5% w/w), animals groups treated with silver sulfadiazine (standard drug) as well as the control group animals. It is found that the capacity of AuNP ointment to contract injury is considerably higher in various concentrations compared to the control group animals (i.e., untreated group). From the 4th day onward, the animal group treated with 20% AuNPs ointment displayed considerable wound contraction, equivalent to that of the animal group treated with standard drug. When 10% AuNPs ointment was administered to the animal group, they displayed considerable wound healing from the 8th day onward, reaching 100% with 13 days of closing time. It was noticed in the epithelialization phase that the group of animals administrated with AuNPs ointments displayed a considerable reduction. The group of animals treated with AuNPs took about 13 days to re-epithelialize, whereas the control group took around 3 weeks. For full epithelialization, the standard animal group only took around 15 days (Figure 7).
Effect of AuNPs on wound contraction in thermal wound model
| Treatment (mg/g) | Percentage of wound healing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12th day | 10th day | 8th day | 6th day | 4th day | |
| Sulfadiazinel % | 96.98 ± 0.18 | 85.78 ± 0.19 | 78.02 ± 0.10 | 47.92 ± 0.12 | 34.85 ± 0.19 |
| Control | 86.04 ± 0.09 | 56.94 ± 0.10 | 35.06 ± 0.40 | 25.16 ± 0.15 | 17.34 ± 0.11 |
| AuNPs 20% | 99.57 ± 0.17 | 98.44 ± 0.39 | 88.05 ± 0.13 | 77.89 ± 0.13 | 51.04 ± 0.14 |
| AuNPs 15% | 98.92 ± 0.11 | 98.02 ± 0.13 | 85.83 ± 0.18 | 76.69 ± 0.14 | 48.97 ± 0.25 |
| AuNPs 10% | 98.77 ± 0.14 | 97.81 ± 0.16 | 85.90 ± 0.13 | 75.85 ± 0.18 | 47.98 ± 0.12 |
| AuNPs 5% | 98.62 ± 0.12 | 95.40 ± 0.20 | 84.66 ± 0.10 | 74.59 ± 0.12 | 46.87 ± 0.13 |
Effect of AuNPs on period of epithelialization in thermal wound model.
4 Conclusions
The current work described the preparation of AuNPs with the help of I. balsamina plant extract followed by evaluating their wound-healing potential. TEM images confirmed the formation of 30 nm AuNPs. Furthermore, wound-healing studies exhibited that at a concentration of 20 mg, AuNPs exhibited substantial decrease in excision wound within 8 days. The obtained wound-healing results indicated that the AuNPs prepared from leaf extract of I. balsamina exhibited active wound-healing potential when related to traditional drugs; hence, AuNPs could have future applications in the development of dressing materials in nursing care for wound healing after surgery.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National key clinical specialty construction project.
References
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