Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estimation of Metal Drop Size on a Reducing Gas Bubble during Oxide Melt Bubbling

  • Published:
Steel in Translation Aims and scope

Abstract

In this paper, we use the metal-phase formation model to estimate the drop size formed on individual bubbles of the reducing gas during the oxide melt bubbling. The model includes the following stages: the bubble formation upon gas injection into the melt, metal reduction on the bubble surface, and its drop concentration in the stern. We present equations that estimate the limiting sizes of a gas bubble (\(R_{{\text{b}}}^{{{\text{cr}}}}\)) and a drop (\(r_{{\text{d}}}^{{{\text{cr}}}}\)) moving in an oxide melt without defragmentation. The critical sizes of a gas bubble (\(R_{{\text{b}}}^{{{\text{cr}}}}\)) moving in an oxide melt without defragmentation were calculated using the densities (ρ kg/m3) and surface tension (σ, mJ/m2) of B2O3–CaO and B2O3–CaO–CuO melts that are, respectively, described by the equations: σ1 = 87.0 + 0.242T , ρ1 = 3.26 × 103 – 0.91T, σ2 = 10.8 + 0.178T, ρ2 = 3.19 × 103 – 0.70T in the temperature range of 1373–1673 K. Depending on the temperature, the critical bubble radius varies from 0.047 to 0.053 m in the B2O3–CaO–CuO melt and 0.06–0.081 m in the B2O3–CaO melt. Depending on the CO amount introduced at various temperatures, the change in the copper oxide content in the B2O3–CaO–CuO melt was determined by calculating the thermodynamic equilibrium to describe the features of oxide melt bubbling by various reducing gases. Based on the obtained data, the copper amount produced from the interaction of Cu2O in the melt with a single CO bubble was calculated depending on the copper oxide content and the CO amount in the bubble. The correlation dependences of the drop size on the Cu2O content in the melt (\({{C}_{{{\text{C}}{{{\text{u}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\), %), temperature (T, К), and the CO amount in the bubble (nCO, mol) were obtained by statistical data processing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Vanyukov, A.B., Bystrov, V.P., Vaskevich, A.D., et al., Plavka v zhidkoi vanne (Melting in Liquid Bath), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1986.

  2. Schlesinger, M.E., King, M.J., Sole, K.C., and Davenport, W.G., Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011, 5th ed.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Vignes, A., Extractive Metallurgy 3: Processing Operations and Routes, Chichester: Wiley, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bakker, M.L., Nikolic, S., and Mackey, P.J., ISASMELT™ TSL—Applications for nickel, Miner. Eng., 2011, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 610–619.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bakker, M.L., Nikolic, S., Burrows, A.S., and Alvear G.R.F., ISACONVERT™—continuous converting of nickel/PGM mattes, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 2011, vol. 111, no. 10, pp. 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Romenets, V.A., Romelt process, Iron Steelmaker, 1995, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 37–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Komkov, A.A., Baranova, N.V., and Bystroe, V.P., Reductive depletion of highly oxidized slags during barbotage, Tsvetn. Met., 1994, no. 12, pp. 26–30.

  8. Krasheninnikov, M.V., Marshuk, L.A., and Leont’ev, L.I., Selective reduction of nickel from oxide melt, Rasplavy, 1998, no. 4, pp. 45–48.

  9. Fomichev, V.B., Knyazev, M.V., Ryumin, A.A., Tsemekhman, L.Sh., Ryabko, A.G., Pavlinova, L.A., and Tsymbulov, L.B., Study of slag depletion process with blowing by gas mixes having different partial oxygen pressure, Tsvetn. Met., 2002, no. 9, pp. 32–36.

  10. Komkov, A.A. and Kamkin, R.I., Behavior of copper and impurities when blowing copper smelting slag with a CO–CO2 gas mixture, Tsvetn. Met., 2011, no. 6, pp. 26–31.

  11. Komkov, A.A. and Kamkin, R.N., Mechanism for the reduction of oxides in copper-smelting slag under blowing with CO–CO2 gas mixtures, Russ. J. Nonferrous Met., 2020, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Yusupkhodjaev, A.A., Khojiev, Sh.T., Berdiyarov, B.T., Yavkochiva, D.O., and Ismailov, J.B., Technology of processing slags of copper production using local secondary technogenic formations, Int. J. Innovative Technol. Explor. Eng., 2019. vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 5461–5472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Makhmadiyarov, T.M., Deev, V.I., and Khudyakov, I.F., Kinetics of copper oxide reduction by carbon monoxide from silicate melts, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met., 1974, no. 4, pp. 34–37.

  14. Krasikov, S.A. and Lyamkin, S.A., Kinetics of copper reduction from molten slag by carbon monoxide, Tsvetn. Met., 1994, no. 7, pp. 19–21.

  15. Vusikhis, A.S., Dmitriev, A.N., Leont’ev, L.I., and Shavrin, S.V., Kinetics of metal oxides reduction from the melt by reducing gas in barbotage layer, Materialovedenie, 2002, no. 10, pp. 30–34.

  16. Vusikhis, A.S., Leont’ev, L.I., Chentsov, V.P., Kudinov, D.Z., and Selivanov, E.N., Formation of metallic phase by passing gaseous reducing agent through multicomponent oxide melt. Part 1. Theoretical principles, Steel Transl., 2016, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 629–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Vusikhis, A.S., Leont’ev, L.I., Chentsov, V.P., Kudinov, D.Z., and Selivanov, E.N., Formation of metallic phase by passing gaseous reducing agent through multicomponent oxide melt. Part 3. Separation of ferronickel and oxide melt. Theoretical principles, Steel Transl., 2017, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 772–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Belousov, A.A., Selivanov, E.N., Bedyaev, V.V., and Litovskikh, S.N., The use of boron fluxes to improve the quality of blister copper, Tsvetn. Met., 2003, no. 10, pp. 13–17.

  19. Chentsov, V.P., Shevchenko, V.G., Mozgowoi, A.G., and Pokrasin, M.A., Density and surface tension of heavy liquid-metal coolants: gallium and indium, Inorg. Mater.: Appl. Res., 2011. vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 468–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Vusikhis, A.S., Leont’ev, L.I., Chentsov, V.P., Kudinov, D.Z., and Selivanov, E.N., Formation of metallic phase by passing gaseous reducing agent through multicomponent oxide melt. Part 2. Density and surface properties, Steel Transl., 2017, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 21–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Vusikhis, A.S., Leont’ev, L.I., Selivanov, E.N., and Chentsov, V.P., Modeling of metals gas reduction of from multi-component oxide melt in barbotage layer, Butlerovskie Soobshch., 2018. vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 58–63.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Arsent’ev, P.P. and Koledov, L.A., Metallicheskie rasplavy i ikh svoistva (Metal Melts and Their Properties), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1976.

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-29-24093mk.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Metallurgy, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 620016, Yekaterinburg, Russia

    A. S. Vusikhis, E. N. Selivanov, L. I. Leont’ev & V. P. Chentsov

  2. National Research Technological University MISiS, 119049, Moscow, Russia

    L. I. Leont’ev

  3. Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia

    L. I. Leont’ev

Authors
  1. A. S. Vusikhis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. N. Selivanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. I. Leont’ev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. V. P. Chentsov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. S. Vusikhis.

Additional information

Translated by A. Ivanov

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vusikhis, A.S., Selivanov, E.N., Leont’ev, L.I. et al. Estimation of Metal Drop Size on a Reducing Gas Bubble during Oxide Melt Bubbling. Steel Transl. 50, 209–213 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091220040117

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091220040117

Keywords:

Search

Navigation