Exact Solutions of Damped Improved Boussinesq Equations by Extended (<i>G</i>′/<i>G</i>)-Expansion Method

Fan, Kai; Zhou, Cunlong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4128249

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Volume 2020 | Article ID 4128249 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4128249

Exact Solutions of Damped Improved Boussinesq Equations by Extended (G′/G)-Expansion Method

Kai Fan^1,2,3,4and Cunlong Zhou^1,2,3

Guest Editor: Viorel-Puiu Paun

Received03 Jun 2020

Revised01 Jul 2020

Accepted08 Jul 2020

Published01 Aug 2020

Abstract

With the help of the auxiliary function method, we solved the improved Boussinesq (IBq) equation with fluid dynamic damping and the modified IBq (IMBq) equation with Stokes damping, and we obtained their three types of travelling wave exact solutions, which is an extension service of the numerical simulation and the existence of a solution. From the waveform diagram of IBq equation with hydrodynamic damping, it can be seen that when the propagation velocity of kink wave changes, the amplitude also changes significantly, and it is also found that the kink isolated waveform is significantly asymmetric due to the increase of damping coefficient , which may be of some value in explaining some physical phenomena. In addition, the symbolic computing software maple makes our computing work easier.

1. Introduction

There are various kinds of nonlinear phenomena in nature, most of which can be described by nonlinear evolution equations. It is well known that the Boussinesq (Bq) equation, which describes the propagation model of long wave in shallow water, is one of them and has the following two basic forms:where u represents displacement and subscripts x and t represent partial derivatives concerning x and t, respectively. Equations (1) and (2) were first deduced by Boussinesq [1, 2]. If the coefficient of the fourth derivative of (1) is greater than zero, (1) is linearly stable and can be used to describe the transverse vibration of small nonlinear elastic beam, which is called the “good” Bq equation [3]. When is less than zero, it is called the “bad” Bq equation because of its linear instability [4]. Equation (2) is also an important model to approximate the propagation of long waves in shallow water, which is called the IBq equation. The exact solution of Bq equation can be obtained by [5–7]. Makhankov derived the IBq equation from the fluid dynamics equations of the plasma, which had a modified equation called IMBq equation [8], as shown in (3). In recent years, there have been many papers on the dynamics of solitons in plasma [9–12].

Equations (2) and (3) differ only in terms of nonlinear forces. Equation (2) can also be used to describe the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of anharmonic monatomic and diatomic chains [13]. In literature [14], lattice soliton dynamics of a single atomic chain under damping and external forces are studied. The IBq equation with hydrodynamic damping term and the IMBq equation with Stokes damping term are obtained, respectively, under the conditions of the third and fourth anharmonic potentials. The IBq equation with hydrodynamical damping term is shown in (3), and the IMBq equation with Stokes damping term is shown in (4). Arévalo et al. [14] obtained the solitary wave solution of (4) with bell-shaped shape through numerical simulation. Naranmandula [15] also obtained an equation similar to (4) when studying the propagation of one-dimensional longitudinal wave in nonlinear microstructural solid and simulated the influence of microstructural effect on the evolution of kinked isolated wave by finite difference method:

In 2012, Wang and Xu studied the global existence of small amplitude solutions of the Cauchy problem of (4) in Sobolev space [16]. In 2013, Wang and Xu studied the global existence of small amplitude solutions of the Cauchy problem of (5) in Sobolev space [17]. In 2015, Chen gives sufficient conditions of the blow-up of the solution of the Cauchy problem of (5) in Sobolev space [18]. In order to better grasp the model represented by (4) and (5), it is necessary to obtain their exact travelling wave solutions. With the development of computer technology, many scholars interested in nonlinear science have studied the exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations and used different methods to solve different equations, such as the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method [19], the Exp-function method [20], the modified Exp-function method [21, 22], the Exp ()-expansion method [23], the tanh-coth method [24–26], the homogeneous balance method [27], the improvement of (G′/G)-expansion method [28–30], the formal linearization method [31], the first integral method [32], (1/G′)-expansion and modified Kudryashov methods [33], and the (G′/G)-expansion method [34–38].

Through searching the whole network, we find that there are many articles on Bq equation and also many articles on the existence of solutions to Cauchy problems of (4) and (5). In this paper, by means of the extended (G′/G)-expansion method, some exact travelling wave solutions of (4) and (5) are obtained, and some individual solutions are briefly presented and discussed, especially kink soliton solutions assigned to parameters. In the case of an extended (G′/G)-expansion, the integral constants of the equation should not be set directly to zero, which may result in the loss of arbitrary constants in the final expression [38, 39]. Although there is no uniform solution for all nonlinear partial differential equations, different methods may not yield different solutions [40] because these solutions may only be expressed differently or they may be different particular solutions belonging to the same general solution. In addition, some of the different approaches are equivalent [41, 42].

2. Summary of the Extended (G′/G)-Expansion Method

Consider a generalized nonlinear evolution equationwhere u is an unsolved function, and it has two independent variables, x and t.

The steps of the extended (G′/G)-expansion method to solve (6) are listed as follows:(i)Step 1. Under the transformation,

We translate (6) to the ordinary differential equation (ODE)(i)Step 2. If the form of (8) allows, we can integrate it once but do not set the integral constant to zero, which will help simplify the following calculation. The travelling wave solution of (8) is proposed as follows:where are undetermined constants. is a function of . In combination with the form of (9), the highest derivative term and the nonlinear term in (8) are balanced by the homogeneous equilibrium principle, and the value of the positive integer in (9) can be obtained. The appearing in (8) is the solution of the second-order differential equationwhere and will be determined later.(iii)Step 3. Substitute (9) and (7) into (8), use the ordinary differential (10) concerning (G′/G) to combine the same power terms of (G′/G), and then set the coefficients of all powers of (G′/G) to zero; we get a nonlinear algebraic system of equations concerning the unknowns .(iv)Step 4. Using the computational software Maple programming, we can solve the algebraic equations in step 3. By substituting the obtained results into (9) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (6) can be obtained.

The general solutions of (10) are given as

These results can further be written in some more simplified forms depending upon the conditions on the ratio of and as

3. Exact Solutions of (3) and (4)

3.1. The IBq Equation with Hydrodynamical Damping

where is the damping constant of internal friction (we call this type of friction hydrodynamical).

We apply (7) to (13), we integrate once concerning , we set the integration constant to M, and then we can convert (12) to nonlinear ODE:

At equilibrium, the highest nonlinear term in (14), and the highest derivative term in (14), we get m equal to 2. Therefore, the exact solution of (14) in the form of (9) can be written as follows:

Substitute (15) into (14), use the ordinary differential (10) concerning (G′/G) to combine the same power terms of (G′/G), and then let the coefficients be equal to zero; we get a nonlinear algebraic system of equations concerning the unknowns :

Using symbolic computation software maple, the solution of this system is obtained as follows:

Substituting the values from (17) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (13) can be obtained.(i)Case 1. When , the solution of the hyperbolic form of equation (13) is as follows:where , and are free constants.

In particular, if , then becomes

Again using (12), the general solutions for in simplified forms are written aswhen and ;when and .(ii)Case 2. When , the solution of the trigonometric form of (13) is as follows:where , and are free constants.(iii)Case 3. When , the solution to (13), in rational functional form, is as follows:where and are free constants.

3.2. The IMBq Equation with Stokes Damping

where is a nonnegative number. We apply (7) to (25), we integrate it once concerning , we set the constant to M, and then we can convert (25) to the nonlinear ODE:

At equilibrium, the highest nonlinear term in (26), and the highest derivative term in (26), we get m equal to 1. Therefore, the exact solution of (26) in the form of (9) can be written as follows:

Substitute (27) into (26), use the ordinary differential (10) concerning (G′/G) to combine the same power terms of (G′/G), and then let the coefficients be equal to zero; we get a nonlinear algebraic system of equations concerning the unknowns :

Using symbolic computation software maple, the solution of this system is obtained as follows:where is the imaginary unit. Substituting the values from (29) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (25) can be obtained.(i)Case 1. When , the solution to (25), in hyperbolic functional form, is as follows:where , and are free constants.

In particular, if , then becomes

Again using (12), the general solutions for in simplified forms are written aswhen and ;when and .(ii)Case 2. When , the solution to (25), in trigonometric functional form, is as follows:where , and are free constants.(iii)Case 3. When , the solution to (25), in rational functional form, is as follows:where and are arbitrary constants.

Substituting the values from (30) and using the general solutions of (10) in different situations, multiple exact solutions of different types of (25) can be obtained.(i)Case 1. When , the solution to (25), in hyperbolic functional form, is as follows:where , and are free constants.

In particular, if , then becomes

Again using (12), the general solutions for in simplified forms are written aswhen and ;when and .(ii)Case 2. When , the solution to (25), in trigonometric functional form, is as follows:where , and are arbitrary constants.(iii)Case 3. When , the solution to (25), in rational functional form, is as follows:where and are free constants.

4. Discussion

In [14], the damped IBq (14) is derived and the local waveform of its numerical solution is obtained. The local two-dimensional display of the numerical solution is a bell-shaped waveform, similar to the local figure of the two-dimensional figure obtained by taking time as a constant in Figure 1. Figure 1 is a three-dimensional diagram of the trigonometric solution (23). It is well known that numerical solutions may miss some solutions of the equation, as shown in Figure 2, which is a kinked type of isolated wave and is not mentioned in [14]. As can be seen from Figure 2, when we change the value of wave velocity c and increase gradually, the propagation direction of kinked isolated wave follows the change, and the amplitude of waveform increases gradually. Mathematically, the value of c can be used to modulate the kinked isolated waveform represented by this equation.

In [15], the authors deduce a damped equation similar to (14) and use a numerical method (finite difference method) to find a kinked isolated wave. The equation derived in [15] is (43), and it is also concluded that when the dissipation coefficient is much larger than the dispersion coefficient , the kinked isolated wave will have asymmetric characteristics:

Using (7), we apply the travelling wave transformation to (13) and (43), integrate once, and then assume that and ; we get the same (14). The waveform of the kinked isolated wave obtained from (14) varies with the damping coefficient , as shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3, with the increase of , the precise kink solitary wave solution waveform obtained by the extended (G′/G)-expansion also shows the asymmetric characteristics of waveform and becomes more and more obvious. It is shown that the exact solution is helpful to verify the numerical solution.

It can be seen from solution (17) of the algebraic system of (14) that are expressed by other parameters. When we want to find an expression for wave velocity c, we can also find a solution in the following form. The difference is that, in the expression for solution (17), the wave velocity is arbitrary, and here the coefficient is arbitrary:

When we use solution (44), the arbitrary constant M also contains an expression for , which is too long to display here. For solutions (29) and (30) of the second algebraic system, the expressions are simple, and the expressions of arbitrary constants M and wave velocity c can be easily solved from them.

In the extended (G′/G)-expansion method, when the coefficients are set to 0, it is reduced to the (G′/G)-expansion method, which is the same idea as the simplest equation method reduced to the tanh method [43]. We think superficially that the extended (G′/G)-expansion method fuses the solutions of two Ricatti equations in a certain form. In other words, the extended (G′/G)-expansion method decomposes the solutions of nonlinear partial differential equation into the solutions of two Ricatti equations. A brief explanation is given as follows.

If is the solution of the second-order differential equation we can get

It can be seen from (46) and (47) that when G satisfies (45), (G′/G) and (G/G′) each satisfy a generalized Ricatti equation, and the derivative results of (G′/G) and (G/G′) can be converted into the polynomial form of (G′/G) or (G/G′), which is the basis for collecting coefficients to obtain an algebraic system of equations.

5. Conclusion

With the help of the auxiliary function method, we solved two damped generalized IBq equations and we obtained their three types of travelling wave exact solutions, which is an extension work of the numerical solution and the existence of a solution. From the waveform of solution (19), it can be seen that the waveform of the kink wave can be modulated by changing the value of c. It is found that, for the hydrodynamic damping IBq equation, the varying damping coefficient makes the waveform of the kinked isolated wave represented by (19) appear obviously asymmetric, which is consistent with the conclusion obtained by numerical method in [15]. In addition, the role of maple in our work should not be overlooked to make our computing work easier.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Major Science and Technology Projects in Shanxi Province of China (20181101008 and 20181102015) and Supplementary Platform Project of “1331” Project in Shanxi Province in 2018.

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Copyright © 2020 Kai Fan and Cunlong Zhou. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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