Supergravity Model of Inflation and Explaining IceCube HESE Data via PeV Dark Matter Decay

Chakravarty, Girish Kumar; Khan, Najimuddin; Mohanty, Subhendra

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2478190

Advances in High Energy Physics

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 2478190 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2478190

Supergravity Model of Inflation and Explaining IceCube HESE Data via PeV Dark Matter Decay

Girish Kumar Chakravarty,¹Najimuddin Khan,²and Subhendra Mohanty³

Academic Editor: Ricardo G. Felipe

Received01 Feb 2020

Revised06 Jun 2020

Accepted08 Jul 2020

Published01 Aug 2020

Abstract

We construct a unified model of inflation and PeV dark matter with an appropriate choice of no-scale Kähler potential, superpotential, and gauge kinetic function in terms of MSSM fields and hidden sector Polonyi field. The model is consistent with the CMB observations and can explain the PeV neutrino flux observed at IceCube HESE. A Starobinsky-like Higgs-sneutrino plateau inflation is obtained from the -term SUGRA potential while -term being subdominant during inflation. To get PeV dark matter, SUSY breaking at PeV scale is achieved through Polonyi field. This sets the scale for soft SUSY breaking parameters at the GUT scale in terms of the parameters of the model. The low-energy particle spectrum is obtained by running the RGEs. We show that the ~125 GeV Higgs and the gauge coupling unification can be obtained in this model. The 6 PeV bino-type dark matter is a subdominant fraction (~11%) of the relic density, and its decay gives the PeV scale neutrino flux observed at IceCube by appropriately choosing the couplings of the -parity violating operators. Also, we find that there is degeneracy in scalar field parameters and coupling value in producing the correct amplitude of CMB power spectrum. However, the value of parameter , which is tightly fixed from the requirement of PeV scale SUSY breaking, removes the degeneracy in the values of the scalar field parameters to provide a unique solution for inflation. In this way, it brings the explanation for dark matter, PeV neutrinos, and inflation within the same framework.

1. Introduction

The 125 GeV Higgs boson found at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1–3] completes the spectrum of the standard model but raises the question about what protects the mass of the Higgs at the electroweak scale despite quantum corrections (the gauge hierarchy problem). Supersymmetry [4–6] has been widely accepted as the natural symmetry argument for protecting the Higgs and other scalar masses against radiative corrections and in addition provides the unification of the gauge couplings at the GUT scale and WIMP dark matter. The idea of naturalness in SUSY [7, 8] requires that to explain the Higgs mass, loop corrections should not be too large compared to the tree level and should not rely on the cancellation of large corrections from different loop corrections. This puts upper bounds on the masses of squarks, gluons, and gauginos for natural SUSY [8]. The searches for SUSY particles at LHC by ATLAS [9] and CMS [10] at 13 TeV and with of data do not find the SUSY partners and rule out the simplest models of natural SUSY [11, 12]. The idea of supersymmetry for explaining the Higgs mass without fine-tuning can be abandoned while still retaining some of the positive features like coupling constant unification and WIMP dark matter in split SUSY [13] scenarios where squarks and gluinos are heavy evading the LHC bounds and the electroweakinos are of the TeV scale providing the WIMP dark matter and coupling constant unification. With the tight bounds from the direct detection experiments [14, 15], the bino-higgsino dark matter of a few 100 GeV is getting increasingly difficult [16–25]. The evidence that there is need for new physics at PeV scale comes from IceCube’s High-Energy Starting Events (HESE) observations [26–29] of PeV energy neutrinos. The nonobservation of neutrinos with deposited energy between 0.4 and 1 PeV and at Glashow resonance energies has called for an extra source of PeV energy neutrinos, and a popular scenario [30–35] is the decay of PeV scale dark matter with a sizable branching to neutrinos and with a lifetime of sec [36] and sec [37–50]. Leptoquarks have been used to explain IceCube PeV events in Refs. [51–56]. A PeV scale supersymmetry model with gauge coupling unification, light Higgs (with fine-tuning), and PeV dark matter was introduced in [57, 58]. It was found [39] that in order to obtain the large decay time of sec as required from the observed IceCube neutrino flux, dimension 6 operators suppressed by the GUT scale had to be introduced in the superpotential.

A different motivation for supersymmetry is its usefulness in inflation. The low upper bound on the tensor-to-scalar ratio by Planck [59–61] and BICEP2/Keck Array (BK15) [62, 63] rules out the standard particle physics models with quartic and quadratic potentials. One surviving model is the Starobinsky model which predicts a very low tensor-to-scalar ratio of . It was shown by Ellis et al. [64] that by choosing the Kähler potential of the no-scale form one can achieve Starobinsky-type plateau inflation in a simple Wess-Zumino model. The no-scale model of inflation from -term has been constructed in SO(10) [65, 66], SU(5) [67], NMSSM [68], and MSSM [69, 70] models. Inflation models in supergravity with -term scalar potential were earlier considered in [71–75] and with a -term scalar potential in [76–79]. The Higgs-sneutrino inflation along the -flat directions in MSSM has also been studied in [80–86].

In this paper, we construct a -term inflation model with no-scale Kähler potential, MSSM superpotential, and an appropriate choice of gauge kinetic function in MSSM fields, which gives a Starobinsky-like Higgs-sneutrino plateau inflation favored by observations. The SUSY breaking scale is a few PeV which provides a PeV scale bino as dark matter. A fraction of thermal relic density is obtained by turning on a small -parity violation to give a decaying dark matter whose present density and neutrino flux at IceCube is tuned by choosing the -parity violating couplings. Superysmmetry breaking is achieved by a hidden sector Polonyi field which takes a nonzero vev at the end of inflation. The gravitino mass is a few PeV which sets the SUSY breaking scale. The mSUGRA model has only five free parameters including soft SUSY breaking parameters. These are the common scalar mass , the common gaugino mass , the common trilinear coupling parameter , the ratio of Higgs field vevs tan, and the sign of mass parameter ; all are given at the gauge coupling unification scale. The spectra and the couplings of sparticles at the electroweak symmetry breaking scale are generated by renormalization group equations (RGEs) of the above soft breaking masses and the coupling parameters. The sparticle spectrum at the low-energy scale was generated using the publicly available softwares FlexibleSUSY [87, 88], SARAH [89, 90], and SPheno [91, 92] with the mSUGRA input parameter set , , , tan, and sign(). In our analysis, we have used SARAH to generate model files for mSUGRA and relic density of LSP has been calculated using micrOMEGAs [93, 94].

-parity conserving SUSY models include a stable, massive weakly interacting particle (WIPM) and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), namely, neutralino, which can be considered as a viable dark matter candidate. With the additional very tiny -parity violating (RPV) terms, LSP can decay to SM particles [56, 95–97]; however, it does not change the effective (co)annihilation cross section appreciably in the Boltzmann equation [98–100]. In the context of mSUGRA model, the analysis of neutralino dark matter has been carried out in Refs. [101–113], where SUSY breaking occurs in a hidden sector, which is communicated to the observable sector via gravitational interactions.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we display the MSSM model and the specific form of a Kähler potential and gauge kinetic function which gives the Starobinsky-like Higgs-sneutrino plateau inflation. The -parity violating terms contribute to the -term potential and to the decay of the dark matter for IceCube. We fix the parameter in the gauge kinetic function and show that a -term inflation model consistent with the CMB observations is obtained. In Section 3, we describe the SUSY breaking mechanism from the Polonyi field and calculate the soft breaking parameters , , and gravitino mass as a function of parameters of the Polonyi potential. In Section 4, we give the phenomenological consequences of the PeV scale SUSY model. We show that the coupling constant unification can take place and we obtain ~125 GeV Higgs mass by fine-tuning. The relic density of the bino LSP is overdense after thermal decoupling, but due to slow decay from the -parity violation, a fraction of relic density remains in the present epoch. A different -parity operator is responsible for the decay of the PeV dark matter into neutrinos. We fix the parameters of the -parity violating couplings to give the correct flux of the PeV scale neutrino events seen at IceCube. In Section 5, we summarize the main results and give our conclusions.

2. -Term mSUGRA Model of Inflation

We consider the model with MSSM matter fields and -parity violation and choose a Kähler potential and gauge kinetic function with the aim of getting a plateau inflation favored by observations. We choose and of the form respectively. And the MSSM superpotential where and field is the hidden sector Polonyi which is introduced to break supersymmetry. The Polonyi field is associated with the fluctuations in the overall size of the compactified dimensions which has to be strongly stabilized at SUSY breaking for the successful implementation of inflation in supergravity. The parameters , , , , and are coupling constants of the model to be fixed from SUSY breaking and inflation. The other fields bear their standard meanings. Also, the above potentials are in the unit and shall use the same convention throughout the analysis of this model.

In addition to the superpotential given in equation (3), we also consider the -parity violating interaction terms which will play a role in explaining observed DM relic density and PeV neutrino flux at IceCube.

In supergravity, the scalar potential depends upon the Kähler function given in terms of superpotential and Kähler potential as , where are the chiral scalar superfields. In , supergravity, the total tree-level supergravity scalar potential is given as the sum of -term and -term potentials which is given by respectively, where and is the gauge coupling constant corresponding to each gauge group and are corresponding generators. For symmetry , where are Pauli matrices. And the hypercharges of the fields , , , , , , and given in (3) are , respectively. The quantity is related to the kinetic energy of the gauge fields and is a holomorphic function of superfields . The kinetic term of the scalar fields is given by where is the inverse of the Kähler metric . We assume that during inflation, SUSY is unbroken and the hidden sector field is subdominant compared to inflaton field so that we can safely assume . Also, for charge conservation, we assume that during inflation the charged fields take zero vev. The -term and -term potentials are obtained as

It can be seen that the above expressions reduce to MSSM -term and -term potentials in the small field limit after the end of inflation as the terms coming from Kähler potential and gauge kinetic function are Planck suppressed. Now, for simplification, we parametrize the neutral component fields as

For the above parametrization, the kinetic term turns out to be

To obtain the canonical kinetic term for the inflaton field and to better understand the inflation potential, we redefine the field to via

For the above field redefinition, the kinetic term becomes Therefore, if the imaginary part of the field is zero, we obtain the canonical kinetic term in real part of field (say). As the field is a linear combination of the Higgs and sneutrino field, so is the inflaton field , we can call this model a Higgs-sneutrino inflation model. The -term potential (9) in the canonical inflaton field becomes where and we have made a specific choice which is critical to obtain a plateau behavior potential at large field values which can fix inflationary observables. Since at the GUT scale, the mass parameter and gauge couplings are , the -term potential dominates over -term potential during inflation when the field values are at the Planck scale. With the canonical kinetic term and scalar potential obtained in canonical inflaton field , the theory is now in the Einstein frame. Therefore, we can use the standard Einstein frame relations to estimate the inflationary observables, namely, amplitude of the curvature perturbation , scalar spectral index and its running , and tensor-to-scalar ratio , given by respectively. Here, , , and are the slow-roll parameters, given by

In order to have flat universe as observed, the universe must expand at least by more than -folds during inflation. The displacement in the inflaton field during inflation is .

The field value is at the onset of inflation, when observable CMB modes start leaving the horizon, which can be determined using the following relation once we fix the field value using the condition which corresponds to the end of inflation.

From the Planck 2018 CMB temperature anisotropy data in combination with the EE measurement at low multipoles, we have the scalar amplitude, the spectral index, and its running as , , and , respectively (68% CL, PlanckTT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing) [59–61]. Also, the Planck 2018 data combined with BK15 CMB polarization data put an upper bound on tensor-to-scalar ratio (95% CL, PlanckTT,TE,EE+lowE+lensing+BK15) [62, 63]. Armed with the theoretical and observational results, we perform the numerical analysis of the models. From the condition of the end of inflation , we find . Therefore, requiring -fold expansion during inflation, we obtain . At , CMB observables are estimated to be , , and , consistent with the observations. The predictions are similar to the Starobinsky inflation. For and , the observed CMB amplitude can be obtained for . From the specific case considered in (15) for successful inflation, we have sneutrino field parameter and coupling of the Planck suppressed operator in the guage kinetic function (2) . The evolution of the -term inflaton potential (15) is shown in Figure 1. During inflation, as the inflaton rolls down from to , the potential along the direction stays nearly flat implying being much heavier than . During slow-roll phase, the mass of inflaton varies from GeV to GeV, whereas the mass parameter associated with the Polonyi field varies from GeV to GeV. Hence, , our assumption that is subdominant during inflation and contributes insignificantly to the supergravity inflation potential.

In the next section, we will see that the value of used to fix CMB amplitude is absolutely critical in order to get PeV dark matter whose decay explains PeV neutrino events observed at IceCube and reproducing low-energy particle mass spectrum as shown in Table 1. It is important to mention here that the scalar field parameter values and are not a unique set of value to obtain the observed CMB amplitude. Instead, it can be obtained for all the pair of values of which satisfy the relation defined in (15). However, fixed from the requirement of PeV scale SUSY breaking removes this degeneracy in in obtaining the correct CMB amplitude, and at the same time, it brings the successful explanation for inflation, dark matter relic density, and PeV neutrino events at IceCube within the same framework.

3. SUSY Breaking

We assumed that during inflation all the fields including the hidden sector field are subdominant compared to inflaton field and supersymmetry is unbroken at the time of inflation. Once the inflation ends, the scalar fields effectively become vanishing and the soft mass terms are generated via SUSY breaking as the field settles down to a finite minimum of the Polonyi potential. The Polonyi field is associated with the fluctuations in the overall size of the compactified dimensions. For the successful implementation of inflation in supergravity, the strong stabilization of the Polonyi field is required which can be achieved via appropriate choice of Kähler potential, gauge kinetic function, and superpotential in . This also allows for a solution of the cosmological Polonyi problem [114, 115] (which is a special case of cosmological moduli problem [116, 117]) associated with the problem of cosmological nucleosynthesis. Technically, cosmological Polonyi problem is evaded if is heavy TeV and the Polonyi mass is much larger than the gravitino mass, i.e., [70, 118, 119]. We will see that this problem does not occur in this model.

The appropriately chosen potentials and are shown in equations (1) and (3) and the gauge kinetic function in equation (2). The kinetic term for Polonyi field is obtained as and the Polonyi potential is obtained as

We take the hidden sector Polonyi field to be real. The parameters , , and are fixed from the requirement that which breaks supersymmetry acquire a minima where the gravitino mass is scale and the Polony potential is positive with a field minimum at . We find the gravitino mass to be and the scalar masses, using evaluated at , , are obtained as where . At the GUT energy scale, , all the scalar masses are equal .

Now, we calculate the coefficients of the soft SUSY breaking terms which arise from the Kähler potential (1) and superpotential (3). The effective potential of the observable scalar sector consists of soft mass terms which give scalar masses as given by equations (24) and (25) and trilinear and bilinear soft SUSY breaking terms given by [120–122]

Here, the coefficients and are given by

From equations (1) and (3), we have and . The coefficients of normalized masses and Yukawa couplings in the trilinear (26) and bilinear (27) terms, respectively, are obtained as

We drop the contribution to the scalar masses by taking corresponding small. Also, from the fermionic part of the SUGRA Lagrangian, the soft gaugino masses can be obtained as [122–124]

For the choice of gauge kinetic function when after inflation, we obtain the gaugino mass

We show that the Polonyi potential (22) in Figure 2 for the parameters , , , and has a minimum at . These parameter values are fixed at the GUT scale from the requirement to achieve the soft SUSY breaking parameters with the specific choice of and sign of which gives the Higgs mass GeV at electroweak scale satisfying all experimental (LHC, etc.) and theoretical constraints (stability, unitarity, etc.). The gravitino mass and the mass of the Polonyi field come out to be and , respectively, which implies and therefore the scale oscillations of the Polonyi field near its minimum decay much before the Big Bang nucleosynthesis. This leads to strong stabilization of , and therefore, the cosmological Polonyi problem does not arise in this model.

Knowing the soft breaking parameters at a high-energy scale does not tell us anything about the phenomenology we could observe in the experiments such at LHC, direct detection of DM, and IceCube. We need to find these parameters at the low energy. In general, all parameters appearing in the supersymmetric Lagrangian evolve with RGEs. These RGEs are the intermediator between the unified theory at GUT scale and the low-energy masses and couplings, which strictly depend on the boundary conditions. We apply RGEs to calculate low-energy masses and different branching ratios for the abovementioned set of mSUGRA parameters as the RGEs are coupled differential equations, which cannot be solved analytically. Also, the low-energy phenomenology is complicated due to mixing angles and dependence of couplings on the high-scale parameters; therefore, one has to rely on numerical techniques to solve RGEs. We calculate all the variables as allowed by the present experimental data. There are various programs publicly available such as SARAH, SPheno, and Suspect which can generate two-loop RGEs and calculate the mass spectrum and the couplings at low energy. For this work, we use SARAH 4.11.0 [89, 90] to generate the RGEs and other input files for SPheno 4.0.2 [91, 92] which generate the mass spectrum, couplings, branching ratios, and decay widths of supersymmetric particles. To study the neutralino as a dark matter candidate, we link the output files of SPheno and model files from SARAH to micrOMEGAs 3.6.8 [93, 94] to calculate the number density for a PeV neutralino dark matter. In the next section, we discuss the consequences of a PeV dark matter.

4. Bino-Dominated DM in the mSUGRA Model

The neutralinos () are the physical superpositions of two gauginos, namely, bino and wino , and two higgsinos and . The neutralino mass matrix is given by where , , and is the Weinberg mixing angle. and are the bino and wino mass parameter at the EWSB scale. The lightest eigenvalue of the above matrix and the corresponding mass eigenstate has good chance of being the LSP. The higgsinos dominantly contribute in LSP for , whereas for , the LSP can be determined by bino and wino. The lightest neutralino becomes bino-like when . In the mSUGRA model, and are equal due to the universality of the gaugino masses at the GUT scale where the value of the gauge coupling constants , , and becomes equal; see Figure 3. However, at low energy, [110]. This implies that the LSP is mostly bino-like.

4.1. Relic Density and PeV Excess at IceCube

In this analysis, we present our mSUGRA model with the aim to realize a PeV scale dark matter candidate, which can also explain the IceCube HESE events. IceCube [26–29] recently reported their observation of high-energy neutrinos in the range 30 TeV–2 PeV. The observation of neutrinos is isotropic in arrival directions. No particular pattern has been identified in arrival times. This implies that the source is not local but broadly distributed. This superheavy neutrino (LSP) might be the dark matter, distributed in the Galactic halo. In this work, we find that the thermally produced LSP can serve as a viable PeV dark matter candidate satisfying the dark matter relic density in the right ball park which also explains the IceCube excess at PeV. However, an annihilating PeV scale dark matter candidate possesses two serious problems. (1)To maintain the correct relic density using the well-known thermal freeze-out mechanism requires a very large annihilation cross section, which violates the unitarity bound. The -wave annihilation cross section of dark matter with a mass is limited by unitarity as [125](i)The unitarity bound restrict the dark matter mass below 300 TeV [125]. Also, in order to satisfy the unitarity bound, the PeV scale dark matter model produces an overabundance (depends on the model) of the dark matter(2)The decay time of a particle is in general inversely proportional to its mass. So a PeV scale particle is generically too short-lived to be a dark matter candidate. One has to use fine-tuning [126, 127] to stabilize the dark matter as lifetime of the DM particles has to be at least larger than the age of the universe [29, 128]

Generally, thermal dark matter freeze-out depends on the remaining dark matter in chemical and thermal equilibrium with the SM bath, which leads to depletion of dark matter through Boltzmann suppression [129, 130]. We consider the possibility that the dark matter can also decay out of equilibrium to the SM particles via -parity violation. In the presence of constant -wave effective annihilation cross section and dark matter decay, the Boltzmann equation is given by

Here, we assume that the decay rates of super partner of SM particles other than LSP are much faster than the rate of the expansion of the universe, so that all the particles present at the beginning of the universe have decayed into the lightest neutralino before the freeze-out. Therefore, the density of the lightest neutralino is the sum of the density of all SUSY particles. is the decay time for the process. In nonrelativistic case , the equilibrium number density is given by the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:

The entropy density of the universe at temperature is , where parameter is the effective degrees of freedom. We use the relation of entropy density and the expansion rate of the universe , in equation (28), to obtain where yield is defined as . We solve the above equation for the decaying LSP with large decay time. Before freeze-out annihilation term in equation (30) dominates over the exponential decay term due to very large decay time of LSP. Therefore, integrating equation (30) between the times (or ) the start of the universe and (or ) the freeze-out time, the yield comes out to be inversely proportional to the thermally averaged effective annihilation cross section of the dark matter [131]. However, after freeze-out, the annihilation of LSP is no longer large enough and decay term becomes dominant. Therefore, we neglect the annihilation term compared to the decay term and integrate the remaining equation between the freeze-out time and the present age of the universe , which, for , gives the yield today as which implies that the number density of LSP reduces with time. Therefore, the relic abundance of LSP in the present universe can be written as where is the current entropy density and is the critical density of the present universe, is a dimensionless parameter defined through the Hubble parameter . This implies that the relic density is related to the annihilation cross section and the decay lifetime as

Using particle spectrum (see Table 1) in micrOMEGAs, we get

The main contribution to the DM effective annihilation cross section comes from the coannihilation channel (see Figure 4) which is consistent with unitarity bound [125] and gives the bino-type DM density . The joint results of CMB observations from WMAP and Planck collaboration [132] give . It has been shown that if a subdominant fraction of DM is decaying [36, 133], then it can resolve the conflict between and which exists in the CDM model. Berezhiani et al. have shown that ~5% of the dark matter which has a decay lifetime of seconds resolves the conflict [133]. For the PeV DM, Anchordoqui et al. have shown that ~5% of DM of mass scale 76 PeV and lifetime seconds is required for explaining the IceCube events [36]. In this paper, we assume that the lifetime of DM decay to leptons via the -parity violation operator is seconds which gives (i.e., ) of the DM relic density and is consistent with the structure formation. The neutrino flux is obtained by this decay channel to give the PeV neutrino flux required to explain the IceCube HESE data [26–29]. We will explain this result in Section 4.2 in more detail.

The presence of -parity violating coupling 5 can explain the high-energy neutrino events at IceCube. We take only one nonzero dimensionless trilinear -parity violating couplings, namely, coefficient of . helps in producing the neutrino flux through the decay of the neutralino (see Figure 5). We find the decay width for the dark matter decaying into and [134] as where coupling [4, 5], PeV, and PeV (see Table 1). For the lepton number violating coupling , we get the decay time for this channel (see Table 2). It is to be noted that we need very tiny ’s to explain the IceCube HESE data. It indeed has the fine-tuning issue, and the dynamical explanation lies somewhere else. To explain the IceCube HESE data in terms of decaying dark matter, fine-tuning actually seems to be the most “natural” option [56, 95–97].

4.2. Fitting the IceCube Data

In this subsection, we fit the flux of neutrinos observed at IceCube from the decay of the neutralino LSP. The total contribution to the neutrino flux from the atmospheric background and the astrophysical sources along with the galactic (G) DM halo and extragalactic (EG) DM is given by

Following the analysis as in Ref. [39] for our mSUGRA model parameters, we compute the number of neutrino events as a function of deposited energy where is the total exposure time, is the deposited energy in the laboratory frame, and is the neutrino effective area for particular lepton flavor [135]. We sum over all the neutrino flavors. Due to low statistical data points at IceCube, it is acceptable to assume that the two energies coincide, i.e., [41].

We have extracted the atmospheric background data from Ref. [136] and added it to the data from astrophysical sources which come mainly due to the decay of highly energetic pions. The source of these pions could be known sources like active galactic nuclei or the Supernova remnants. We use the power law flux with and [41] to fit the data from the astrophysical sources. Both the galactic and extragalactic neutrino flux contributions are important to explain the excess neutrino flux around 1-2 PeV [39–43, 53, 135]. We take NFW (Navarro, Frenk, and White) DM density profile to account for the galactic dark matter contribution, where the neutrino energy spectrum evaluated at our model parameter values has been used [137]. We present the neutrino event distribution in Figure 6. The contribution to the neutrino flux from the DM decay can explain the PeV excess at IceCube.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we have constructed a Starobinsky-like Higgs-sneutrino model of plateau inflation from supergravity -term in MSSM fields, and 6 PeV bino-type dark matter gives the observed flux of PeV neutrino events at IceCube HESE. A subdominant fraction (~11%) of the DM relic density and its decay to neutrinos is obtained by choosing the couplings of the -parity violating operators. The SUSY breaking is obtained by the Polonyi field which sets the scale of soft SUSY parameters , , , and as a function of the parameters of the model. By running the RGEs, we show the low energy (PeV scale) spectrum of SUSY particles and show that the model can accommodate the ~125 GeV Higgs. The SUSY spectrum so obtained modifies the RGEs above the PeV scale and gives the coupling constant unification at the GUT scale; however, such a gauge coupling unification can be achieved for a large range of SUSY breaking scales. We find that there is degeneracy in the values of inflation model parameters in predicting the correct CMB amplitude. However, , fixed from SUSY breaking, removes this degeneracy and provides a unique solution for inflation and brings the explanation for dark matter, PeV neutrinos, and inflation within the same model setup.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

G.K.C. would like to thank University Grants Commission, Govt. of India, for providing financial support via Dr. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant No. BSR/PH/2017-18/0026). N.K. acknowledges private communications with Florian Staub.

References

ATLAS collaboration, “Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC,” Physics Letters B, vol. 716, pp. 1–29, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. P. Giardino, K. Kannike, I. Masina, M. Raidal, and A. Strumia, “The universal Higgs fit,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 5, p. 46, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
CMS collaboration, “Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC,” Physics Letters B, vol. 716, pp. 30–61, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Drees, R. Godbole, and P. Roy, Theory and Phenomenology of Sparticles: An Account of Four-Dimensional N=1 Supersymmetry in High Energy Physics, 2004.
S. P. Martin, “A supersymmetry primer,” in Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics, pp. 1–153, Perspectives on Supersymmetry II, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Baer and X. Tata, Weak Scale Supersymmetry: From Superfields to Scattering Events, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site
J. R. Ellis, K. Enqvist, D. V. Nanopoulos, and F. Zwirner, “Observables in low-energy superstring models,” Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 1, pp. 57–69, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Barbieri and G. F. Giudice, “Upper bounds on supersymmetric particle masses,” Nuclear Physics, vol. 306, no. 1, pp. 63–76, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
ATLAS collaboration collaboration, Atlas collaboration, https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/atlaspublic.
CMS collaboration collaboration, CMS collaboration, http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/.
M. R. Buckley, D. Feld, S. Macaluso, A. Monteux, and D. Shih, “Cornering natural SUSY at LHC run II and beyond,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2017, no. 8, article 08059, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. L. Feng, “Naturalness and the status of supersymmetry,” Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 351–382, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. F. Giudice and A. Romanino, “Split supersymmetry,” Nuclear Physics B, vol. 699, no. 1-2, pp. 65–89, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
XENON collaboration, “First dark matter search results from the XENON1T experiment,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 119, article 181301, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
LUX collaboration, “Results from a search for dark matter in the complete LUX exposure,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 118, article 021303, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
GAMBIT collaboration, “Global fits of GUT-scale SUSY models with GAMBIT,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 77, no. 12, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Abdughani, L. Wu, and J. M. Yang, “The mixed bino-higgsino dark matter in natural SUSY confronted with XENON1T/PandaX and LHC data,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09164.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Zhu, R. Ding, and T. Li, “Higgs mass and muon anomaly in MSSM with gauge-gravity hybrid mediation,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.09840.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Peiro and S. Robles, “Low-mass neutralino dark matter in supergravity scenarios: phenomenology and naturalness,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 1705, p. 10, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
F. Wang, W. Wang, and J. M. Yang, “Reconcile muon g-2 anomaly with LHC data in SUGRA with generalized gravity mediation,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2015, no. 6, p. 79, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Chakraborti, U. Chattopadhyay, and S. Poddar, “How light a higgsino or a wino dark matter can become in a compressed scenario of MSSM,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2017, no. 9, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Abdallah and S. Khalil, “MSSM dark matter in light of Higgs and LUX results,” Advances in High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, Article ID 5687463, 10 pages, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Badziak, M. Olechowski, and P. Szczerbiak, “Is well-tempered neutralino in MSSM still alive after 2016 LUX results?” Physics Letters B, vol. 770, pp. 226–235, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Cao, Y. He, L. Shang, W. Su, P. Wu, and Y. Zhang, “Strong constraints of LUX-2016 results on the natural NMSSM,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 10, p. 136, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Basirnia, S. Macaluso, and D. Shih, “Dark matter and the Higgs in natural SUSY,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2017, no. 3, p. 73, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Schneider, “Characterization of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux with IceCube high-energy starting events,” PoS (ICRC2019), vol. 1004, 2020, http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11266.
View at: Google Scholar
IceCube collaboration, “Evidence for high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos at the IceCube detector,” Science, vol. 342, no. 6161, article 1242856, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
IceCube collaboration, “First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, article 021103, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
IceCube collaboration, “Observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in three years of IceCube data,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 113, article 101101, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Murase, “On the origin of high-energy cosmic neutrinos,” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1666, article 040006, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Feldstein, A. Kusenko, S. Matsumoto, and T. T. Yanagida, “Neutrinos at IceCube from heavy decaying dark matter,” Physical Review D, vol. 88, no. 1, article 015004, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Sui and P. Bhupal Dev, “A combined astrophysical and dark matter interpretation of the IceCube HESE and throughgoing muon events,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2018, no. 7, p. 20, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kachelriess, O. Kalashev, and M. Kuznetsov, “Heavy decaying dark matter and IceCube high energy neutrinos,” Physical Review D, vol. 98, no. 8, article 083016, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bhattacharya, A. Esmaili, S. Palomares-Ruiz, and I. Sarcevic, “Update on decaying and annihilating heavy dark matter with the 6-year IceCube HESE data,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2019, no. 5, p. 51, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Pandey, D. Majumdar, and A. Halder, http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.06839.
L. A. Anchordoqui, V. Barger, H. Goldberg et al., “IceCube neutrinos, decaying dark matter, and the Hubble constant,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 6, article 061301, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
IceCube collaboration, “Search for dark matter from the Galactic halo with the IceCube neutrino telescope,” Physical Review D, vol. 84, article 022004, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Chianese and A. Merle, “A consistent theory of decaying dark matter connecting IceCube to the Sesame Street,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2017, no. 4, p. 17, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. B. Roland, B. Shakya, and J. D. Wells, “PeV neutrinos and a 3.5 keV x-ray line from a PeV-scale supersymmetric neutrino sector,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 9, article 095018, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Borah, A. Dasgupta, U. K. Dey, S. Patra, and G. Tomar, “Multi-component fermionic dark matter and IceCube PeV scale neutrinos in left-right model with gauge unification,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2017, no. 9, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. El Aisati, M. Gustafsson, and T. Hambye, “New search for monochromatic neutrinos from dark matter decay,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 12, article 123515, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Shakya, S. B. Roland, and J. D. Wells, “Hints of a PeV scale supersymmetric neutrino sector: neutrino masses, dark matter, keV and PeV anomalies,” in Proceedings, Meeting of the APS Division of Particles and Fields (DPF 2015), Ann Arbor, MI, USA, August 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
P. S. B. Dev, D. Kazanas, R. N. Mohapatra, V. L. Teplitz, and Y. Zhang, “Heavy right-handed neutrino dark matter and PeV neutrinos at IceCube,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2016, no. 8, p. 34, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Bai, R. Lu, and J. Salvado, “Geometric compatibility of IceCube TeV-PeV neutrino excess and its galactic dark matter origin,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 1, p. 161, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Ahlers, Y. Bai, V. Barger, and R. Lu, “Galactic neutrinos in the TeV to PeV range,” Physical Review D, vol. 93, no. 1, article 013009, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Hiroshima, R. Kitano, K. Kohri, and K. Murase, “High-energy neutrinos from multi-body decaying dark matter,” Physical Review D, vol. 97, no. 2, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Esmaili and P. D. Serpico, “Are IceCube neutrinos unveiling PeV-scale decaying dark matter?” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 1311, p. 54, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Esmaili and P. D. Serpico, “Gamma-ray bounds from EAS detectors and heavy decaying dark matter constraints,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 1510, p. 14, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bhattacharya, A. Esmaili, S. Palomares-Ruiz, and I. Sarcevic, “Probing decaying heavy dark matter with the 4-year IceCube HESE data,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2017, no. 7, p. 27, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. M. Boucenna, M. Chianese, G. Mangano et al., “Decaying leptophilic dark matter at IceCube,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2015, p. 55, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Dutta, Y. Gao, T. Li, C. Rott, and L. E. Strigari, “Leptoquark implication from the CMS and IceCube experiments,” Physical Review D, vol. 91, no. 12, article 125015, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. K. Dey and S. Mohanty, “Constraints on leptoquark models from IceCube data,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, no. 4, pp. 1–11, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Mileo, A. de la Puente, and A. Szynkman, “Implications of a electroweak triplet scalar leptoquark on the ultra-high energy neutrino events at IceCube,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, no. 11, p. 124, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Barger, E. Basso, Y. Gao, and W.-Y. Keung, “Neutrino signals in IceCube from weak production of top and charm quarks,” Physical Review D, vol. 95, no. 9, article 093002, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Chauhan, B. Kindra, and A. Narang, “A Leptoquark explanation for , , and, IceCube PeV events,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.04598.
View at: Google Scholar
L. A. Anchordoqui, C. A. Garcia Canal, H. Goldberg, D. Gomez Dumm, and F. Halzen, “Probing leptoquark production at IceCube,” Physical Review D, vol. 74, no. 12, article 125021, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Wells, “PeV-scale supersymmetry,” Physical Review D, vol. 71, no. 1, article 015013, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. A. R. Ellis and J. D. Wells, “High-scale supersymmetry, the Higgs mass and gauge unification,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.00013.
View at: Google Scholar
Planck Collaboration, http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06211.
Planck collaboration, “Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 594, article A13, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Planck collaboration, “Planck 2015 results. XX. Constraints on inflation,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 594, article A20, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Keck Array and bicep2 Collaborations, “Constraints on primordial gravitational waves using Planck, WMAP, and New BICEP2/Keck observations through the 2015 Season,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 121, no. 22, article 221301, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Keck Array and BICEP2 Collaborations, “Improved constraints on cosmology and foregrounds from BICEP2 and Keck array cosmic microwave background data with inclusion of 95 GHz band,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 116, article 031302, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ellis, D. V. Nanopoulos, and K. A. Olive, “No-scale supergravity realization of the Starobinsky model of inflation,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, no. 11, article 111301, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Garg and S. Mohanty, “No scale SUGRA SO(10) derived Starobinsky model of inflation,” Physics Letters B, vol. 751, pp. 7–11, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ellis, M. A. G. Garcia, N. Nagata, D. V. Nanopoulos, and K. A. Olive, “Starobinsky-like inflation and neutrino masses in a no-scale SO(10) model,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2016, no. 11, p. 18, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Ellis, H. J. He, and Z. Z. Xianyu, “New Higgs inflation in a no-scale supersymmetric SU(5) GUT,” Physical Review D, vol. 91, no. 2, article 021302, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Garg and S. Mohanty, “No-scale SUGRA inflation and type-I seesaw,” http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01979.
View at: Google Scholar
G. K. Chakravarty, G. Gupta, G. Lambiase, and S. Mohanty, “Plateau inflation in SUGRA-MSSM,” Physics Letters B, vol. 760, pp. 263–266, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. Chakravarty, U. K. Dey, G. Lambiase, and S. Mohanty, “Plateau inflation in -parity violating MSSM,” Physics Letters B, vol. 763, pp. 501–506, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Alvarez-Gaume, C. Gomez, and R. Jimenez, “Minimal inflation,” Physics Letters B, vol. 690, no. 1, pp. 68–72, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Alvarez-Gaume, C. Gomez, and R. Jimenez, “A minimal inflation scenario,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 1103, p. 27, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. Chakravarty and S. Mohanty, “Power law Starobinsky model of inflation from no-scale SUGRA,” Physics Letters B, vol. 746, pp. 242–247, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ferrara, R. Kallosh, and A. Linde, “Cosmology with nilpotent superfields,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2014, no. 10, p. 143, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. K. Chakravarty, S. Das, G. Lambiase, and S. Mohanty, “Dilaton assisted two-field inflation from no-scale supergravity,” Physical Review D, vol. 94, no. 2, article 023521, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ferrara, R. Kallosh, A. Linde, and M. Porrati, “Minimal supergravity models of inflation,” Physical Review D, vol. 88, no. 8, article 085038, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Farakos, A. Kehagias, and A. Riotto, “On the Starobinsky model of inflation from supergravity,” Nuclear Physics B, vol. 876, no. 1, pp. 187–200, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ferrara, P. Fre, and A. S. Sorin, “On the gauged Kähler isometry in minimal supergravity models of inflation,” Fortschritte der Physik, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 277–349, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Nakayama, K. Saikawa, T. Terada, and M. Yamaguchi, “Structure of Kähler potential for D-term inflationary attractor models,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, no. 5, p. 67, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Deen, B. A. Ovrut, and A. Purves, “Supersymmetric sneutrino-Higgs inflation,” Physics Letters B, vol. 762, pp. 441–446, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Nakayama, F. Takahashi, and T. T. Yanagida, “Chaotic inflation with right-handed sneutrinos after Planck,” Physics Letters B, vol. 730, pp. 24–29, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. S. Aulakh and I. Garg, “Supersymmetric seesaw inflation,” Physical Review D, vol. 86, no. 6, article 065001, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. G. Kim, H. M. Lee, and W.-I. Park, “The problem and sneutrino inflation,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 8, p. 126, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Pallis and N. Toumbas, “Non-minimal sneutrino inflation, Peccei-Quinn phase transition and non-thermal leptogenesis,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2011, no. 2, p. 19, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Antusch, M. Bastero-Gil, J. P. Baumann, K. Dutta, S. F. King, and P. M. Kostka, “Gauge non-singlet inflation in SUSY GUTs,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 8, p. 100, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Allahverdi, K. Enqvist, J. Garcia-Bellido, and A. Mazumdar, “Gauge-invariant inflaton in the minimal supersymmetric standard model,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 97, no. 19, article 191304, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Athron, J.-h. Park, D. Stöckinger, and A. Voigt, “FlexibleSUSY—A spectrum generator generator for supersymmetric models,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 190, pp. 139–172, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Athron, J.-h. Park, T. Steudtner, D. Stöckinger, and A. Voigt, “Precise Higgs mass calculations in (non-)minimal supersymmetry at both high and low scales,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2017, no. 1, p. 79, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Staub, “Exploring new models in all detail withSARAH,” Advances in High Energy Physics, vol. 2015, Article ID 840780, 126 pages, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Staub and W. Porod, “Improved predictions for intermediate and heavy supersymmetry in the MSSM and beyond,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 338, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Porod, “SPheno, a program for calculating supersymmetric spectra, SUSY particle decays and SUSY particle production at e+e− colliders,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 275–315, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Porod and F. Staub, “SPheno 3.1: extensions including flavour, CP-phases and models beyond the MSSM,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 183, no. 11, pp. 2458–2469, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Bélanger, F. Boudjema, P. Brun et al., “Indirect search for dark matter with micrOMEGAs_2.4,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 182, no. 3, pp. 842–856, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Belanger, F. Boudjema, A. Pukhov, and A. Semenov, “micrOMEGAs_3: A program for calculating dark matter observables,” Computer Physics Communications, vol. 185, no. 3, pp. 960–985, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Carena, D. Choudhury, S. Lola, and C. Quigg, “Manifestations ofR-parity violation in ultrahigh-energy neutrino interactions,” Physical Review D, vol. 58, no. 9, article 095003, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. S. B. Dev, D. K. Ghosh, and W. Rodejohann, “R-parity violating supersymmetry at IceCube,” Physics Letters B, vol. 762, pp. 116–123, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Bečirević, B. Panes, O. Sumensari, and R. Z. Funchal, “Seeking leptoquarks in IceCube,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2018, no. 6, p. 32, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ando and K. Ishiwata, “Constraints on decaying dark matter from the extragalactic gamma-ray background,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2015, no. 5, p. 24, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Shirai, F. Takahashi, and T. T. Yanagida, “R-violating decay of wino dark matter and electron/positron excesses in the PAMELA/Fermi experiments,” Physics Letters B, vol. 680, no. 5, pp. 485–488, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Hamaguchi, T. Moroi, and K. Nakayama, “AMS-02 antiprotons from annihilating or decaying dark matter,” Physics Letters B, vol. 747, pp. 523–528, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Baer, A. Mustafayev, E.-K. Park, and X. Tata, “Collider signals and neutralino dark matter detection in relic-density-consistent models without universality,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2008, no. 5, p. 58, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Akula, M. Liu, P. Nath, and G. Peim, “Naturalness, supersymmetry and implications for LHC and dark matter,” Physics Letters B, vol. 709, no. 3, pp. 192–199, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Bhattacharyya, A. Choudhury, and A. Datta, “Low mass neutralino dark matter in minimal supergravity and more general models in the light of LHC data,” Physical Review D, vol. 84, no. 9, article 095006, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Baer, V. Barger, and A. Mustafayev, “Neutralino dark matter in mSUGRA/CMSSM with a 125 GeV light Higgs scalar,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2012, no. 5, p. 91, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. S. Bhupal Dev, S. Mondal, B. Mukhopadhyaya, and S. Roy, “Phenomenology of light sneutrino dark matter in cMSSM/mSUGRA with inverse seesaw,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 9, p. 110, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Kaufman, P. Nath, B. D. Nelson, and A. B. Spisak, “Light stops and observation of supersymmetry at LHC run II,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 9, article 095021, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Hu, T. Li, A. Lux, J. A. Maxin, and D. V. Nanopoulos, “General no-scale supergravity: an - Tale,” Physics Letters B, vol. 771, pp. 264–270, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Baer, C. Balazs, A. Belyaev, T. Krupovnickas, and X. Tata, “Updated reach of CERN LHC and constraints from relic density,b→sγ and a μ in the mSUGRA model,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2003, no. 6, p. 54, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. P. Nilles, “Supersymmetry, supergravity and particle physics,” Physics Reports, vol. 110, no. 1-2, pp. 1–162, 1984.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Niessen, “Supersymmetric phenomenology in the mSUGRA parameter space,” Tech. Rep., Ph.D. thesis, Nijmegen U., IMAPP, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
U. Chattopadhyay, A. Corsetti, and P. Nath, “WMAP constraints, supersymmetric dark matter, and implications for the direct detection of supersymmetry,” Physical Review D, vol. 68, no. 3, article 035005, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. L. Chan, U. Chattopadhyay, and P. Nath, “Naturalness, weak scale supersymmetry, and the prospect for the observation of supersymmetry at the Fermilab Tevatron and at the CERN LHC,” Physical Review D, vol. 58, no. 9, article 096004, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Baer, V. Barger, and M. Savoy, “Supergravity gauge theories strike back: there is no crisis for SUSY but a new collider may be required for discovery,” Physica Scripta, vol. 90, no. 6, article 068003, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Coughlan, W. Fischler, E. W. Kolb, S. Raby, and G. G. Ross, “Cosmological problems for the Polonyi potential,” Physics Letters B, vol. 131, no. 1-3, pp. 59–64, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. R. Ellis, D. V. Nanopoulos, and M. Quiros, “On the axion, dilaton, Polonyi, gravitino and shadow matter problems in supergravity and superstring models,” Physics Letters B, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 176–182, 1986.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Banks, D. B. Kaplan, and A. E. Nelson, “Cosmological implications of dynamical supersymmetry breaking,” Physical Review D, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 779–787, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. de Carlos, J. Casas, F. Quevedo, and E. Roulet, “Model-independent properties and cosmological implications of the dilaton and moduli sectors of 4D strings,” Physics Letters B, vol. 318, no. 3, pp. 447–456, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Linde, Y. Mambrini, and K. A. Olive, “Supersymmetry breaking due to moduli stabilization in string theory,” Physical Review D, vol. 85, no. 6, article 066005, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Dudas, A. Linde, Y. Mambrini, A. Mustafayev, and K. A. Olive, “Strong moduli stabilization and phenomenology,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 73, no. 1, article 2268, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. K. Soni and H. A. Weldon, “Analysis of the supersymmetry breaking induced by N = 1 supergravity theories,” Physics Letters B, vol. 126, no. 3-4, pp. 215–219, 1983.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. S. Kaplunovsky and J. Louis, “Model-independent analysis of soft terms in effective supergravity and in string theory,” Physics Letters B, vol. 306, no. 3-4, pp. 269–275, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Dudas and S. K. Vempati, “Large D-terms, hierarchical soft spectra and moduli stabilisation,” Nuclear Physics B, vol. 727, no. 1-2, pp. 139–162, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Brignole, L. E. Ibanez, and C. Munoz, “Towards a theory of soft terms for the supersymmetric standard model,” Nuclear Physics B, vol. 422, no. 1-2, pp. 125–171, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Brignole, L. E. Ibanez, and C. Munoz, “Soft supersymmetry breaking terms from supergravity and superstring models,” Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics, vol. 18, pp. 125–148, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Griest and M. Kamionkowski, “Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark-matter particles,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 615–618, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Rott, K. Kohri, and S. C. Park, “Superheavy dark matter and IceCube neutrino signals: bounds on decaying dark matter,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 2, article 023529, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Re Fiorentin, V. Niro, and N. Fornengo, “A consistent model for leptogenesis, dark matter and the IceCube signal,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2016, no. 11, p. 22, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Audren, J. Lesgourgues, G. Mangano, P. D. Serpico, and T. Tram, “Strongest model-independent bound on the lifetime of dark matter,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2014, no. 12, p. 28, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Garrett and G. Duda, “Dark matter: a primer,” Advances in Astronomy, vol. 2011, Article ID 968283, 22 pages, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Murayama, “Physics beyond the standard model and dark matter,” in Les Houches Summer School - Session 86: Particle Physics and Cosmology: The Fabric of Spacetime Les Houches, France, July-August 2006, https://inspirehep.net/record/748786/files/arXiv:0704.2276.pdf.
View at: Google Scholar
E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe, Publisher- Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.
Planck collaboration, “Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 571, article A16, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Berezhiani, A. D. Dolgov, and I. I. Tkachev, “Reconciling Planck results with low redshift astronomical measurements,” Physical Review D, vol. 92, no. 6, article 061303, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. A. Baltz and P. Gondolo, “Neutralino decay rates with explicitR-parity violation,” Physical Review D, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 2969–2973, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Palomares-Ruiz, A. C. Vincent, and O. Mena, “Spectral analysis of the high-energy IceCube neutrinos,” Physical Review D, vol. 91, no. 10, article 103008, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
IceCube collaboration, “Atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos above 1 TeV interacting in IceCube,” Physical Review D, vol. 91, article 022001, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Esmaili, A. Ibarra, and O. L. G. Peres, “Probing the stability of superheavy dark matter particles with high-energy neutrinos,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2012, no. 11, p. 34, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Girish Kumar Chakravarty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

378

Downloads

668

Citations