Application trends of nanofibers in analytical chemistry

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.115992

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volume 131, October 2020, 115992

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.115992 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
NFs offer many attractive properties for application in analytical chemistry.
•
NF-based MS ionization, sensor, optical and electrochemical analysis were reviewed.
•
NF-based UTLC and sample preparation techniques were summarized.
•
The corresponding NF synthesis and derivatization methods were classified.
•
The challenges and prospects of NF-based analytical chemistry were also addressed.

Abstract

Nanofibers are solid fibers with diameters ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers and lengths up to several meters. Nanofibers can offer many attractive properties, such as high specific surface area and large aspect ratio, and satisfy some special needs of analytical chemistry using different functionalization and modification methods. Nanofibers have been applied in different analytical techniques and processes, including optical analysis (colorimetery, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering), ultra-thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry ionization techniques, electrochemical analysis, sample preparation techniques, gas sensors and biological sensors. The trends and advances of application techniques based on nanofibers and the corresponding synthesis or derivatization methods were summarized and compared according to the survey of more than 1100 articles in recent two decades. The challenges and prospects of nanofiber-based applications in analytical chemistry were also addressed finally.

Introduction

Nanomaterials can be defined as materials containing at least one structural dimension sized between a few to hundreds of nanometers [1,2]. Many nanomaterials have been coupled with different analytical techniques to improve the performance of analysis methods, such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity and integration flexibility [[3], [4], [5], [6]]. Nanofibers (NFs) can offer many attractive properties, such as high specific surface area and large aspect ratio, and satisfy some special needs of analytical chemistry using different functionalization or modification methods. Significant advances have been made for a wide spectrum of analytical techniques and processes, which are generally divided into detection (mass spectrometry ionization, sensor, optical and electrochemical analysis) and separation (ultra-thin layer chromatography and sample preparation) technologies.

NFs are one of the typical one-dimensional materials with diameters ranging from a few to hundreds of nm and variable lengths depending on the synthesis methods. Various strategies have been introduced to fabricate NFs, including mechanical drawing, template synthesis, phase separation, melt blowing, molecular self-assembly, electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition (for obtaining carbon nanofibers) as shown in Fig. 1 [6]. The electrospinning, chemical vapor deposition and molecular self-assembly are frequently used methods to synthesize NFs for the applications in analytical chemistry according to the survey of the available references, and more than three fourths of NFs are obtained by electrospinning methods. The electrospinning method is convenient, versatile and cost-effective for the production of NFs with well-controlled sizes, compositions, orientations, porosities and morphologies by adjusting the electrospinning parameters or setup [7]. Furthermore, electrospun NFs as ideal nanocarriers can be efficiently decorated with other nanoparticles or complex species via addition to the electrospinning solution or derivation after electrospinning, which endows NFs with desirable properties of the hybrid nanomaterials [2].

Although a few review papers have been dedicated to the application of NFs in specific techniques, such as sensor and sample preparation, none of them provides a complete survey about NF applications in all analytical techniques or processes. This comprehensive review provides the trends of NF applications in analytical chemistry and summarizes the corresponding synthesis or derivatization methods according to the survey of more than 1100 articles in recent two decades. This work might help researchers to propose the ensemble solutions for specific analysis based on the NFs.

Section snippets

Nanofiber-based optical analysis

Chromogenic substances, fluorophores, chemiluminescence reagents and metal nanomaterials could be immobilized on NF scaffolds to increase the sensitivity and selectivity, so NFs have been intensively applied in various optical analysis techniques, such as colorimetery, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, respectively. NF-based fluorescence (including dual mode analysis) accounts for approximate half of the NF-based optical analysis techniques according to the

Nanofiber-based ultra-thin layer chromatography

Planar chromatography or thin layer chromatography (TLC) is the simplest chromatographic technique, which separates multiple compounds on an open plate developed by capillary-driven mobile phases. TLC is widely applied in many areas, such as synthetic chemistry, food and pharmaceutical sciences, due to its quickness, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and wider choice of stationary and mobile phases [99]. Ultra-thin layer chromatography (UTLC) was developed using monolithic silica sorbent layers

Nanofiber-based mass spectrometry ionization technologies

A range of ambient ionization methods have been developed to simplify and increase the speed of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, such as paper spray, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and laser desorption/ionization (LDI). Paper spray ionization was proposed by the research group of Lin in 2010, which generates analyte ions by applying a high voltage to a wetted triangular chromatography paper [115]. A series of nanofibers, such as poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), polylactic acid,

Nanofiber-based electrochemical analysis

Electrochemical analysis has attracted intensive research interest attributed to its high sensitivity, low cost, simplicity and short processing time. A reference electrode, an auxiliary or a counter electrode and a working electrode or redox electrode are generally involved in electrochemical analysis. The working electrodes are pivotal for the determination performances since the reaction and analyte immobilization takes place on or in the vicinity of the working electrode. The chemically

Nanofiber-based sample preparation techniques

Sample preparation might be the most important procedure to obtain accurate analysis results for the samples in the complex matrices, such as environmental and biological samples. The application of novel extraction techniques and materials could efficiently isolate and enrich the analytes at low concentrations from numerous potential interferents [1,189,190]. Nanofibers have been intensively exploited as extraction materials in different sample preparation techniques because NFs exhibit high

Nanofiber-based gas sensors and biosensors

The superior properties, such as large surface area, tailorable chemical surface, biocompatibility, high reactivity, controlled morphology and structure, enable nanofibers to serve as efficient and stable sensing platforms or layers, which is associated with acceleration and magnification of the transduction processes, faster response, higher mass transfer rates and signal amplification [251,252]. More than five hundred articles have been published since 2000 according to the literature

Conclusions, challenges and prospects

NFs can offer many attractive properties and have been utilized in a wide spectrum of analytical techniques and processes. In optical analysis, NFs can be used as scaffolds to immobilize chromogenic, fluorophore, CL reagents and metal plasmonic substrates to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of colorimetery, FL, CL, ECL and SERS, respectively. In UTLC separation, the electrospinning method can fabricate NF-based plates with tunable stationary phase thicknesses, free of binder materials,

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8202029), the National Key R & D Program of China (2018YFD0900805), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U19A20107 and 21307005), the 111 Project (B18006) and Beijing Advanced Innovation Program for Land Surface Science. We also thank Ms. Man Tang for her work in formatting the references.

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Application trends of nanofibers in analytical chemistry

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Nanofiber-based optical analysis

Nanofiber-based ultra-thin layer chromatography

Nanofiber-based mass spectrometry ionization technologies

Nanofiber-based electrochemical analysis

Nanofiber-based sample preparation techniques

Nanofiber-based gas sensors and biosensors

Conclusions, challenges and prospects

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgements

Anal. Chim. Acta

J. Hazard Mater.

Trac. Trends Anal. Chem.

React. Funct. Polym.

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

Anal. Chim. Acta

Talanta

Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp.

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

Talanta

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

J. Hazard Mater.

Dyes Pigment

Sep. Purif. Technol.

Talanta

Nanoscale Horiz.

Chem. Sci.

Polymer

Talanta

Eur. Polym. J.

Talanta

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Sensor. Actuator. B Chem.

Appl. Catal. B Environ.

Biosens. Bioelectron.

Carbohydr. Polym.

Appl. Surf. Sci.

Appl. Surf. Sci.

Results Phys

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Adv. Mater.

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Chem. Rev.

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J. Mater. Chem.

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Langmuir

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A reusable nanofibrous film chemosensor for highly selective and sensitive optical signaling of Cu²⁺ in aqueous media