Microwave-assisted eco-dyeing of bio mordanted silk fabric using cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum Verum) based yellow natural dye
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Due to the sustainable and eco-friendly nature, natural dyes have been widely explored in the textile sector over the past few decades (Haddar et al., 2018). The Worldwide interest in green products is due to the spread awareness of zero discharge emission, global warming, and ecosystem health (Sagnella et al., 2014, 2015a). A lot of products are there, which synthesis and application involve such moieties which are destroying nature, in the form of effluent loads (Ismal, 2017; Yusuf et al., 2017a). Among such products, synthetic dyes are found more carcinogenic, mutagenic and non-biodegradable nature (Kiumarsi et al., 2017). The discharge produced, after their application or during synthesis is not only destroying the global health but also raising the global heat which in turn, causing the destruction of agriculture land, water bodies and human health (Yılmaz Şahinbaşkan et al., 2018). Now people around the globe are considering the revival of green products such as natural dyes in all applied fields (Wang et al., 2018; Deveoglu et al., 2018; Pistone et al., 2016; Sagnella et al., 2015b). This interest is due to their eco-friendly and medicinal nature having no effluent issue, easily biodegradable and excellent functional characteristics like anti-oxidant (Adeel et al., 2020a; Rather et al., 2019; Tansil et al., 2012), anti-microbial (Güzel et al., 2019), antifungal (Alkan et al., 2017) as well as anti-viral, etc. (Haddar et al., 2018). Apart from many benefits, some limitation has been also found, such as low color yield, less fastness rating and not-reproducible shades (Haji et al., 2018; Topič et al., 2018).
Scientists are using a lot of traditional methods to overcome these limitations but these methods are not capable of saving money, energy, laboras well as no effective yield of colorants obtained (İşmal and Yıldırım, 2019; Liu et al., 2018, 2019). Now modern approaches such as Gamma, Plasma, Ultrasonic, Ultraviolet and Microwave radiations are being used for the isolation of colorants as well as modification of fabric surface by enhancing its substantivity (Pandey et al., 2019), However, among these techniques, the microwave radiation has been found more effective at commercial level. It is a sustainable heating tool which tends to reduce time, energy, solvent via a uniform heating source with excellent mass transfer kinetics which generates promising solvent to powder interaction, and high colorant yield (Kapoore et al., 2018; Thangabai et al., 2018; Backes et al., 2018). For improving shade strength and fastness bio mordant tools have been employed, whereas for this purpose plant extracts such as henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) (Amutha and Annapoorani, 2019), turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa) (Batool et al., 2019), acacia bark (Acacia nilotica) (Yusuf et al., 2017a) and pomegranate rind (Punicagranatum) have been employed (Islam et al., 2019).
Keeping in view the advantages, the current study was conducted to explore the coloring properties of cinnamon (CinnamomumVerum)as a natural yellow dye for silk dyeing. Darcheenibeing the member of the Lauraceae family (Fig. 1a and b) is mostly used for treating flu, diarrhea, common cold, parasitic worm (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015). Its extracts (Fig. 1c), is used as a flavoring agent in beverage toothpaste, mouthwash, lotion, detergents, cosmetics, textile coloration, etc. Ant-oxidant anti-viral, antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antifungal, anticancer characteristics have attracted the attention of the people to use its extract in daily life for diseases curing purposes (Saeed et al., 2018; Suliman et al., 2017). Its extract contains more than 80 aromatic compounds, alkaloids, flavonol, saponins, tannin, terpenes, glycerol, corvalol, cinnamyl acetate, and cinnamyl aldehyde, etc. (Muhammad and Dewettinck, 2017) but the cinnamaldehyde (Fig. 1d) is responsible for the yellow color, which is used to color the matrix.
The aim of the current study is
- (i)
To explore the coloring matter of cinnamon chips for silk dyeing
- (ii)
To develop new shades using sustainable chemical & bio-mordants before and after dyeing under optimal conditions
- (iii)
To enhance colorfastness properties using sustainable chemical & bio-mordants before & after dyeing under optimal conditions
- (iv)
To reduce the dyeing variables
Section snippets
Materials required
Cinnamon bark (CinnamomumVerum) purchased from the neighboring market, was washed with tap water, chopped into small pieces, and ground to obtained fine bark powder. Silk fabric for dyeing purchased from the local textile market of Faisalabad, Pakistan. All chemicals used for extraction, dyeing and mordanting were of viable grade (Pakistan made). Source of biological potent anchors (bio-mordants) such as powder of henna leaves, powder of turmeric rhizomes, powder of pomegranate rind and petal
Results and discussion
Microwave treatment has revolutionized the world of a natural product by making the isolation process more promisingly with less consumption of solvents time & energy (Belwal et al., 2017; Li et al., 2016; Franco-Vega et al., 2016). It has been observed from Fig. 2a that using an aqueous medium, the MW treatment to extract &fabric for 4 min has enhanced color strength (K/S). Upon changing the nature of isolation medium (Fig. 2b), the acidic extract (RE) after microwave treatment for 4 min has
Conclusion
The revival of cultural heritage and day by day rising the global threats due to synthetic dyes effluents has now demanded the introduction of natural dyes in all filed. The natural dyes, particularly of medicinal nature, have now been encouraged to utilize in the dyeing of textiles. Cinnamon bark as a source of sustainable dye has been explored under MW treatment and its extracts were employed under mild conditions onto chemical & bio-mordanted fabric. The use of MW treatment as a sustainable
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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