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The phonological loop: is speech special?

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Abstract

It has been proposed that the maintenance of phonological information in verbal working memory (vWM) is carried by a domain-specific short-term storage center—the phonological loop—which is composed of a phonological store and an articulatory rehearsal system. Several brain regions including the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) and anterior supramarginal gyri (aSMG) are thought to support these processes. However, recent behavioral evidence suggests that verbal and non-verbal auditory information may be processed as part of a unique domain general short-term storage center instead of through specialized subsystems such as the phonological loop. In the current study, we used a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-delayed priming paradigm with speech (syllables) and acoustically complex non-speech sounds (bird songs) to examine whether the pIFG and aSMG are involved in the processing of verbal information or, alternatively, in the processing of any complex auditory information. Our results demonstrate that TMS delivered to both regions had an effect on performance for speech and non-speech stimuli, but the nature of the effect was different. That is, priming was reduced for the speech sounds because TMS facilitated the detection of different but not identical stimuli, and accuracy was decreased for non-speech sounds. Since TMS interfered with both speech and non-speech sounds, these findings support the existence of an auditory short-term storage center located within the dorsal auditory stream.

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Notes

  1. In Baddeley’s model of vWM, since print is converted into sound-based representations before accessing the phonological loop, the assumption is that that the phonological loop holds sound-based representations of print material.

  2. Each of the 96 speech and 96 non-speech stimuli were presented twice, once with each stimulation site.

  3. This factor was not included in the analyses as it was not a factor of interest.

  4. We selected this parameter based on previous studies that stimulated similar regions within the inferior frontal cortex or the supramarginal gyrus (Devlin et al. 2003; Romero et al. 2006).

  5. We selected this region based on studies investigating phonological processes (Gitelman et al. 2005; McDermott et al. 2003).

  6. We selected this region based on a previous study from our group (Deschamps et al. 2014).

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the participants. This study was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) (Grant No. 435774-2013) and from the Canadian foundation for innovation (Grant No. 31408) to P.T., who also holds a Career Awards from the ‘‘Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Santé’’ (FRQS) (Grant No. 35016). Support for MRI data acquisition was provided by the “Centre intégré en neuroimagerie et neurostimulation de Québec” (CINQ) via a platform support grant from the Brain Canada Foundation (#3456). ID is currently a faculty at Georgian College in Ontario, Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de La Médecine, Office 4109, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Isabelle Deschamps, Melody Courson & Pascale Tremblay

  2. CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada

    Isabelle Deschamps, Melody Courson & Pascale Tremblay

  3. Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

    Anthony Steven Dick

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  1. Isabelle Deschamps
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  2. Melody Courson
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  4. Pascale Tremblay
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Contributions

ID: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Project administration, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—Original Draft. MC: Investigation, Writing—Reviewing and Editing. AD: Writing—Reviewing and Editing. PT: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Resources, Writing—Reviewing and Editing, Visualization, Data Curation.

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Correspondence to Pascale Tremblay.

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Communicated by Melvyn A. Goodale.

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Deschamps, I., Courson, M., Dick, A.S. et al. The phonological loop: is speech special?. Exp Brain Res 238, 2307–2321 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05886-9

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