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Performance analysis of a PV/HKT/WT/DG hybrid autonomous grid

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Abstract

This paper presents the performance of a renewable autonomous hybrid grid composed of photovoltaic system, wind turbines, hydrokinetic turbines, diesel generator and energy storage systems. Three energy dispatch control and several storage systems have been studied. Technical, environmental and economic indicators have been used to determine the impact on the hybrid autonomous grid and its sizing optimization. However, this study goes further by conducting a sensitivity analysis such as capital cost, state of charge and time step, to choose the best system configuration. The results show that, when using the energy storage system composed of pumped hydro, under the load following energy dispatch control, the net present cost and cost of energy are lower with respect to others storage technologies proposed. However, the storage system with the lowest CO2 emissions is lead acid battery using the combined cycle energy dispatch control. In addition, the wind turbines have presented the greatest sensibility in the net present cost with respect to the capital cost variation and pumped hydro-storage present sensitivity response with respect to state of charge. All configurations have different several behaviors, therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of each one are analyzed.

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Abbreviations

\( Y_{\text{PV}} \) :

Rated capacity of the PV array (kW)

\( f_{\text{PV}} \) :

PV derating factor (%)

\( \bar{G}_{\text{T}} \) :

Solar radiation incident on the PV array (kW/m2)

\( \bar{G}_{\text{T, STC}} \) :

Incident radiation at standard test conditions (kW/m2)

\( \alpha_{\text{P}} \) :

Temperature coefficient of power (%/°C)

\( T_{\text{c}} \) :

PV cell temperature (°C)

\( T_{\text{c,STC}} \) :

PV cell temperature under standard test conditions (°C)

\( \rho w \) :

Water density (kg/m3)

\( P_{\text{HKT}} \) :

Power of the hydrokinetic turbine (kW)

\( C_{\text{p,H}} \) :

Performance coefficient combined of the hydrokinetic turbine

\( \eta_{\text{HKT}} \) :

Hydrokinetic generator efficiency (%)

\( A \) :

Hydrokinetic area (m2)

\( v \) :

Water flow velocity (m/s)

\( t \) :

Parameter representing time (s)

\( E_{\text{HKT}} \) :

Hydrokinetic energy (kWh)

\( P_{\text{HKT}} \) :

Hydrokinetic power (kW)

\( P_{\text{rated}} \) :

Nominal power limit of the wind turbine (kW)

\( k_{1} \) :

Constant represents dimensions of a wind turbine

\( \rho \) :

Air density (kg/m3)

\( R \) :

Rotor radius (m)

\( C_{\text{p}} \) :

Power coefficient of the wind turbine

\( v_{i} \) :

Wind speed (m/s)

\( F \) :

Fuel consumption coefficient

\( F_{0} \) :

Intercept coefficient of the fuel curve

\( F_{1} \) :

Fuel curve slope coefficient

\( Y_{\text{dg}} \) :

Nominal capacity of the diesel generator (kW)

\( P_{\text{dg}} \) :

Electrical power of diesel generator (kW)

\( {\text{DF}} \) :

Ratio of power generation of the supplementary primary motors to the total start–stop (kWh/start–stop/year)

\( N_{\text{s/s}} \) :

Number of starts and stops of diesel generator

\( Q_{1} \left( t \right) \) :

Energy available at the beginning of the operating interval and above the minimum state of charge in batteries (kWh)

\( Q\left( t \right) \) :

Total energy in batteries at the beginning of the passage of time (kWh)

\( c \) :

Ratio of the storage capacity of each energy storage system

\( k \) :

Constant energy storage rate

\( \Delta t \) :

Time interval (s)

\( E \) :

Energy stored in supercapacitor (J)

\( C \) :

Capacitance (F)

\( V \) :

Super capacitor voltage (V)

\( E_{\text{PH}} \) :

Energy stored of pumped storage system (J)

\( V_{\text{res}} \) :

Volume of the reservoir (m3)

\( h_{\text{head}} \) :

Head height (m)

\( \eta \) :

Efficiency of the energy conversion in pumped storage system (%)

\( P_{0} \left( t \right) \) :

Power output of the inverter (kW)

\( P_{\text{i}} \left( t \right) \) :

Input power of the inverter (kW)

\( \eta_{\text{inv}} \) :

Efficiency of the inverter (%)

\( C_{\text{ann,tot}} \) :

Total annualized cost of the system ($/year)

\( E_{\text{s}} \) :

Total energy served (kWh/year)

\( N \) :

Life expectancy of each component

\( i \) :

Annual real interest

\( C_{\text{cap}} \) :

Initial capital cost ($)

\( n \) :

Number of devices in the system

\( C_{{{\text{O}}\& {\text{Mj}}}} \) :

Operation and maintenance cost for each component ($)

\( C_{\text{f}} \) :

Total annual fuel cost ($)

\( C_{{{\text{R}},i}} \) :

Cost replacement for each component ($)

TAC:

Total annualized cost of each component ($/year)

CRF:

Capital recovery factor

NPC:

Net present cost ($)

COE:

Cost of energy ($/kWh)

WT:

Wind turbine

HKT:

Hydrokinetic turbine

PV:

Photovoltaic system

LAB:

Lead acid batteries

Li-ion:

Lithium ion

VRF:

Vanadium redox flow

PH:

Pumped hydro-storage system

ESS:

Energy storage system

SC:

Supercapacitor

DG:

Diesel generator

SOC:

Energy storage system state of charge

CC:

Cycle charge control

LF:

Load following control

CD:

Combined dispatch control

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  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, EPS Linares, University of Jaén, 23009, Jaén, Spain

    Paul Arévalo & Francisco Jurado

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Arévalo, P., Jurado, F. Performance analysis of a PV/HKT/WT/DG hybrid autonomous grid. Electr Eng 103, 227–244 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-020-01065-9

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