Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) (3,7-bis (dimethylamino)-phenothiazin-5-ium chloride) is a harmful pollutant and has been long been known for its detrimental effects on human health. Over the recent years, many strategies including reduction, oxidation, biological and photochemical degradation have been reported for converting this harmful dye into commercially useful products. Among the aforementioned strategies, the nanocatalytic reduction of MB into its reduced counterpart, i.e. leucomethylene blue, is considered more preferable because it has been reported to have numerous applications in various industrial fields in the academic literature. The reduction of MB is the kinetically unfavorable reaction. Henceforth, various nanocatalytic systems utilizing different kinds of stabilization mediums have reportedly been used for speeding up this particular reaction. This article attempts to not only describe the fundamental properties of the reduction reaction of MB but also present the classification of the recently reported nanocatalytic assemblies on the basis of the utilized supporting medium. Various techniques used for the characterization of nanocatalytic systems reported for the reduction of MB have been summarized in this review. The thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanistic studies of this nanocatalytic reaction have also been narrated here. This critical review has been written comprehensively to abridge the recent research progress in the assemblage of nanocatalytic systems used for the reduction of MB and to propose some new ideas for further development in this area.
About the authors
Robina Begum is a lecturer in chemistry at the Centre for Undergraduate Studies, University of the Punjab Lahore since 2013. She is a PhD scholar at the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore and is currently carrying on a part of her research work at the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, UK as a Split-Site PhD scholar funded by the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission, UK. Her research area is organic-inorganic hybrid materials for catalytic applications.
Jawayria Najeeb received her MPhil and BS degrees from the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan in 2016 and 2018, respectively. Her research specialties include the development of advanced smart polymeric hybrid assemblies for catalytic application. Present research interests include water purification approaches including chemical reduction, adsorption and photocatalytic removal of pollutants by using advanced nanomaterials.
Ayesha Sattar completed her MSc and MPhil research work under the supervision of Dr. Zahoor H. Farooqi at Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Her research area is in polymer microgels and hybrid microgels for catalytic applications.
Khalida Naseem received her MSc and MPhil degrees from the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan in 2012 and 2015, respectively. She is currently doing her PhD under the supervision of Dr. Zahoor H. Farooqi. Her research is synthesis of polymer stabilized colloidal nanoparticles for catalytic applications.
Ahmad Irfan graduated from GCES, University of the Punjab (PU) in 2002 and received his MSc (2004) from UAF. Through a mutual scholarship between the MOE, Pakistan and CSC, China, he received his PhD (2010) from NENU, China. He worked as Assistant Professor at PU, Pakistan and King Khalid University (KKU), Saudi Arabia. He is serving as Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry and RCAMS, KKU. His present research interests are advanced functional materials, nanotechnology, catalysis, renewable energy, semiconductors and drug designing.
Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University (KKU), Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Leicester, UK. He has published a number of papers and is the author of a series of books. His research interests include experimental and computational studies of advanced functional materials, nanomaterials, stereochemistry and drug designing.
Zahoor H. Farooqi worked as research associate in CSI, The City University of New York, USA under Pak-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperative Program from January 2009 to March 2010. He worked as Honorary Research Fellow in the Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, UK from 01-05-2018 to 06-10-2018. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. His area of research is polymer colloids loaded nanoparticles for environmental and catalytic applications.
Acknowledgments
Dr. Zahoor H. Farooqi is grateful to Higher Education Commission Pakistan for providing funding under National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) [No.20-3995/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/1212] and University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan under research grant for the fiscal year 2017–2018 (grant no. D/999/EST-I). Ahmad Irfan and Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding through research groups program under grant number R.G.P.2/15/40.
Conflict of interest statement: None declared.
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