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In vitro real-time magnetic resonance imaging for quantification of thrombosis

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Abstract

Objectives

Thrombosis is a leading cause of failure for cardiovascular devices. While computational simulations are a powerful tool to predict thrombosis and evaluate the risk for medical devices, limited experimental data are available to validate the simulations. The aim of the current study is to provide experimental data of a growing thrombus for device-induced thrombosis.

Materials and methods

Thrombosis within a backward-facing step (BFS), or sudden expansion was investigated, using bovine and human blood circulated through the BFS model for 30 min, with a constant inflow rate of 0.76 L/min. Real-time three-dimensional flow-compensated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), supported with Magnevist, a contrast agent improving thrombus delineation, was applied to quantify thrombus deposition and growth within the model.

Results

The study showed that the BFS model induced a flow recirculation region, which facilitated thrombosis. By 30 min, in comparison to bovine blood, human blood resulted in smaller thrombus formation, in terms of the length (13.3 ± 0.6 vs. 18.1 ± 1.3 mm), height (2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.6 ± 0.04 mm), surface area exposed to blood (0.67 ± 0.03 vs 1.05 ± 0.08 cm2), and volume (0.069 ± 0.004 vs. 0.093 ± 0.007 cm3), with p < 0.01. Normalization of the thrombus measurements, which excluded the flow recirculation effects, suggested that the thrombus sizes increased during the first 15 min and stabilized after 20 min. Blood properties, including viscosity, hematocrit, and platelet count affected thrombosis.

Conclusion

For the first time, contrast agent-supported real-time MRI was performed to investigate thrombus deposition and growth within a sudden expansion. This study provides experimental data for device-induced thrombosis, which is valuable for validation of computational thrombosis simulations.

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Fig. 1
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Fig. 5

Side and top views of the thrombi reconstructed in current study and Taylor et al. [20] are shown for comparison

Fig. 6

The error bars represent SEM with N = 6 for the current study and N = 3 for Taylor et al. [20]

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported, in part, by NIH Grant T32GM108563 and HL136369.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Ling Yang, Thomas Neuberger & Keefe B. Manning

  2. Huck Institutes of Life Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Thomas Neuberger

  3. Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

    Keefe B. Manning

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  1. Ling Yang
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  2. Thomas Neuberger
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Contributions

LY: study conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript, critical revision. TN: study conception and design, critical revision. KBM: study conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript, critical revision

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Correspondence to Keefe B. Manning.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. The study was approved by the Penn State University IACUC (PRAMS200946269). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Penn State University IRB (STUDY00009649).

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Yang, L., Neuberger, T. & Manning, K.B. In vitro real-time magnetic resonance imaging for quantification of thrombosis. Magn Reson Mater Phy 34, 285–295 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-020-00872-2

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