Abstract
Purpose
To compare assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes among transgender men with those of fertile cisgender women.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 12 transgender men, six with no testosterone exposure and six after testosterone treatment, and 12 cisgender women (oocyte donors) who underwent ART in our institution between June 2017 and December 2019. Statistical analyses compared ART data and outcomes between three groups: cisgender women, transgender men without testosterone exposure, and transgender men after testosterone exposure. Comparisons were also made between transgender men with and without testosterone exposure.
Results
The transgender men with no testosterone exposure (23.3 ± 4 years) were significantly younger than the transgender men who had undergone testosterone treatment (30.3 ± 3.8 years; P = 0.012) and the cisgender women (29.1 ± 3.1 years; P = 0.004). The amount of FSH used for ovulation induction (1999 ± 683 mIU/mL) was significantly lower among transgender men without prior testosterone exposure compared with that among cisgender women (3150 ± 487 mIU/mL; P = 0.007). There were no differences in the peak estradiol levels, the number of oocytes retrieved, the number of MII oocytes, and the oocyte maturity rates between the three groups. Five out of six testosterone-treated transgender men underwent embryo cryopreservation, and they all achieved good-quality embryos.
Conclusions
Transgender men have an excellent response to ovulation stimulation even after long-term exposure to testosterone. Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation is, therefore, a feasible and effective way for them to preserve their fertility for future biological parenting.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Condorelli M, Demeestere I. Challenges of fertility preservation in non-oncological disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98:638–46.
Del-Pozo-Lérida S, Salvador C, Martínez-Soler F, Tortosa A, Perucho M, Giménez-Bonafé P. Preservation of fertility in patients with cancer (Review). Oncol Rep. 2019;41:2607–14.
Alteri A, Pisaturo V, Nogueira D, D’Angelo A. Elective egg freezing without medical indications. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98:647–52.
Jones CA, Reiter L, Greenblatt E. Fertility preservation in transgender patients. Int J Transgend. 2016;17:76–82.
Chen D, Simons L, Johnson EK, Lockart BA, Finlayson C. Fertility preservation for transgender adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61:120–3.
Nahata L, Tishelman AC, Caltabellotta NM, Quinn GP. Low fertility preservation utilization among transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61:40–4.
Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, Cohen-Kettenis P, DeCuypere G, Feldman J, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. Int J Transgend. 2012;13:165–232.
Van Den Broecke R, Van Der Elst J, Liu J, Hovatta O, Dhont M. The female-to-male transsexual patient: a source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use. Hum Reprod. 2001 Jan;16:145–7.
De Roo C, Lierman S, Tilleman K, Peynshaert K, Braeckmans K, Caanen M, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment. Reprod BioMed Online. 2017;34:557–66.
Lierman S, Tilleman K, Braeckmans K, Peynshaert K, Weyers S, T’Sjoen G, et al. Fertility preservation for trans men: frozen-thawed in vitro matured oocytes collected at the time of ovarian tissue processing exhibit normal meiotic spindles. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2017;34:1449–56.
Futterweit W, Deligdisch L. Histopathological effects of exogenously administered testosterone in 19 female to male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:16–21.
Spinder T, Spijkstra JJ, van den Tweel JG, Burger CW, van Kessel H, Hompes PG, et al. The effects of long term testosterone administration on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and on ovarian histology in eugonadal female to male transsexual subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69:151–7.
Pache TD, Chadha S, Gooren LJ, Hop WC, Jaarsma KW, Dommerholt HB, et al. Ovarian morphology in long-term androgen-treated female to male transsexuals. A human model for the study of polycystic ovarian syndrome? Histopathology. 1991;19:445–52.
Loverro G, Resta L, Dellino M, Edoardo DN, Cascarano MA, Loverro M, et al. Uterine and ovarian changes during testosterone administration in young female-to-male transsexuals. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;55:686–91.
Ikeda K, Baba T, Noguchi H, Nagasawa K, Endo T, Kiya T, et al. Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology. Hum Reprod. 2013;28:453–61.
Iwase A, Osuka S, Goto M, Murase T, Nakamura T, Takikawa S, et al. Clinical application of serum anti-Müllerian hormone as an ovarian reserve marker: a review of recent studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44:998–1006.
Caanen MR, Soleman RS, Kuijper EA, Kreukels BP, De Roo C, Tilleman K, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone levels decrease in female-to-male transsexuals using testosterone as cross-sex therapy. Fertil Steril. 2015;103:1340–5.
Deutsch MB, Feldman JL. Updated recommendations from the world professional association for transgender health standards of care. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87:89–93.
Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:3869–903.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Access to fertility services by transgender persons: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2015;104:1111–5.
De Wert G, Dondorp W, Shenfield F, Barri DP, Diedrich K, et al. ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 23: medically assisted reproduction in singles, lesbian and gay couples, and transsexual people. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:1859–65.
Kreukels BP, Haraldsen IR, De Cuypere G, Richter-Appelt H, Gijs L, Cohen-Kettenis PT. A European network for the investigation of gender incongruence: the ENIGI initiative. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:445–50.
De Sutter P, Kira K, Verschoor A, Hotimsky A. The desire to have children and the preservation of fertility in transsexual women: a survey. Int J Transgend. 2002;6(3) Retrieved from https://cdn.atria.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/ijtvo06no03_02.htm.
Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Pennings G, Elaut E, Dedecker D, Van de Peer F, et al. Reproductive wish in transsexual men. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:483–7.
Auer MK, Fuss J, Nieder TO, Briken P, Biedermann SV, Stalla GK, et al. Desire to have children among transgender people in Germany: a cross-sectional multi-center study. J Sex Med. 2018;15:757–67.
De Roo C, Tilleman K, T’Sjoen G, De Sutter P. Fertility options in transgender people. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016;28:112–9.
Johnson EK, Finlayson C. Preservation of fertility potential for gender and sex diverse individuals. Transgend Health. 2016;1:41–4.
Maxwell S, Noyes N, Keefe D, Berkeley AS, Goldman KN. Pregnancy outcomes after fertility preservation in transgender men. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:1031–4.
Chen D, Bernardi LA, Pavone ME, Feinberg EC, Moravek MB. Oocyte cryopreservation among transmasculine youth: a cases series. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35:2057–61.
Insogna IG, Ginsburg E, Srouji S. Fertility preservation for adolescent transgender male patients: a case series. J Adolesc Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.12.004.
Leung A, Sakkas D, Pang S, Thornton K, Resetkova N. Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine. Fertil Steril. 2019;112:858–65.
Adeleye AJ, Cedars MI, Smith J, Mok-Lin E. Ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation or family building in a cohort of transgender men. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36:2155–61.
Amir H, Oren A, Klochendler Frishman E, Sapir O, Shufaro Y, Segev Becker A, et al. Oocyte retrieval outcomes among adolescent transgender males. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2020 May 20;37:1737–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01815-5.
LabCorp. Expected values and S.I. unit conversion tables. 2019. https://www.med.unc.edu/pediatrics/files/2018/08/expected_values.pdf
Almog B, Shehata F, Shalom-Paz E, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Age-related normogram for antral follicle count: McGill reference guide. Fertil Steril. 2011;95:663–6.
Ng EH, Yeung WS, Fong DY, Ho PC. Effects of age on hormonal and ultrasound markers of ovarian reserve in Chinese women with proven fertility. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:2169–74.
Balen AH, Schachter ME, Montgomery D, Reid RW, Jacobs HS. Polycystic ovaries are a common finding in untreated female to male transsexuals. Clin Endocrinol. 1993;38:325–9.
Baba T, Endo T, Honnma H, Kitajima Y, Hayashi T, Ikeda H, et al. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and female-to-male transsexuality. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1011–6.
Vujovic S, Popovic S, Sbutega-Milosevic G, Djordjevic M, Gooren L. Transsexualism in Serbia: a twenty-year follow-up study. J Sex Med. 2009;6:1018–23.
Baba T, Endo T, Ikeda K, Shimizu A, Honnma H, Ikeda H, et al. Distinctive features of female-to-male transsexualism and prevalence of gender identity disorder in Japan. J Sex Med. 2011;8:1686–93.
Thakre N, Homburg R. A review of IVF in PCOS patients at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2019;14:315–9.
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004;19:41–7.
Lai TC, McDougall R, Feldman D, Elder CV, Pang KC. Fertility counseling for transgender adolescents: a review. J Adolesc Health. 2020;66:658–65.
Armuand G, Dhejne C, Olofsson JI, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA. Transgender men’s experiences of fertility preservation: a qualitative study. Hum Reprod. 2017;32:383–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
This study was approved by the ethics committee (Helsinki) of the Tel Aviv Medical Center (#0168-20-TLV).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Amir, H., Yaish, I., Samara, N. et al. Ovarian stimulation outcomes among transgender men compared with fertile cisgender women. J Assist Reprod Genet 37, 2463–2472 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01902-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01902-7