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Phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) populations based on four nuclear and Y genes

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Abstract

Background

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), endemic to East Asia, is classified as six subspecies according to their geographical distribution including a population introduced to Europe. Studies on phylogenetic relationship or population genetics in both native and introduced areas have been carried out recently. Lately, opinions that Japanese raccoon dogs should be classified as a different species were asserted based on several studies using karyotypes, morphometric characters, mtDNA, and microsatellites analysis. However, no data pertaining to the nuclear DNA (nDNA) or Y chromosome are available.

Objective

To estimate the relationship among the species using different genes is necessary in understanding of the history of this species.

Method

Therefore, we investigated nDNA and Y chromosomes in our study to define relationships: (1) between continental raccoon dog populations, (2) between original and introduced groups, and (3) between continental and Japanese groups.

Results

The analysis of four nuclear (CHRNA1, VTN, TRSP, WT1) and ZFY genes indicated that there had been no genetic differentiation among the continental populations. However, significant differences were observed between continental and Japanese raccoon dogs in VTN and ZFY genes implying genetic differentiation has been going between them.

Conclusion

To better understand the phylogenetic relationship among raccoon dog populations, further study will be necessary.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2009-0085754) funded by the Korean Government (MESET) and partially supported by the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University. We are grateful to everyone who donated raccoon dog DNA samples to the Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife: Junpei Kimura, Kaarina Kauhala, Inna Vsouoloshina, Li-Yu, Ya-ping Zhang, Mariko Sashika, and Truong Son Nguyen.

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Author notes

  1. Mi-Sook Min and Kyung Seok Kim contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

    YoonJee Hong, Hang Lee & Mi-Sook Min

  2. Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea

    YoonJee Hong

  3. Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Kyung Seok Kim

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  1. YoonJee Hong
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  2. Hang Lee
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Contributions

YJH designed the experiments, carried out the molecular experiments, data analysis and wrote the manuscript. HL discussed the results, helped to draft the manuscript, and advised for discussion. KSK and MSM conceived of the study, discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mi-Sook Min.

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Hong, Y., Lee, H., Kim, K.S. et al. Phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) populations based on four nuclear and Y genes. Genes Genom 42, 1075–1085 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-020-00972-2

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