Late Pleistocene eruptive recurrence in the post-collisional Mt. Hasan stratovolcanic complex (Central Anatolia) revealed by zircon double-dating
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Holocene eruption ages recently reported for the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP) in Turkey (Sarıkaya et al., 2019; Schmitt et al., 2014) are intriguing evidence that the CAVP's major stratovolcanic complexes – Mt. Erciyes and Mt. Hasan – are active. For Mt. Hasan, the ca. 9 ka age of andesitic pumice fall-out from its summit region along with its twin-peak shape support the notion that the volcano is depicted in a coeval Neolithic mural at Çatalhöyük archaeological site ~130 km to its southwest (Schmitt et al., 2014). More recently, a ca. 2 ka age has been reported for a cinder cone in the west of the main edifice of Mt. Hasan (Dogan-Kulahci et al., 2018). While these data indicate Holocene activity at Mt. Hasan, its Middle to Late Pleistocene chronostratigraphy has remained poorly constrained. This is primarily due to the limited availability of suitable geochronometers applicable to young, intermediate to evolved volcanic rocks when materials preferentially targeted in geochronology such as K-feldspar (for 40Ar/39Ar dating) or charcoal (for 14C dating; <50 ka) are absent, as is the case for Mt. Hasan.
Here, we reconstruct the eruptive evolution of Mt. Hasan's main edifice prior to the Holocene summit eruption (Schmitt et al., 2014) using zircon double-dating (ZDD; Danišík et al., 2017b). ZDD combines U–Th disequilibrium and/or U–Pb zircon crystallization ages with (U–Th)/He cooling ages, where the latter require corrections for initial 238U–230Th disequilibrium and pre-eruptive crystal residence in order to determine ZDD eruption ages accurately (e.g., Danišík et al., 2012; Schmitt et al., 2010). Our new population-based approach to disequilibrium corrections accounts for both rim crystallization ages of individual zircon crystals selected for (U–Th)/He dating and crystallization age differences between zircon rims and interiors of a large set of Mt. Hasan zircon crystals (Friedrichs et al., 2020). The ZDD method has great potential, beyond just the current study, in precisely and accurately dating young intermediate to evolved volcanic rocks, in which zircon is commonly present as an easily recoverable accessory mineral that is, moreover, physically and chemically outstandingly robust. Based on the newly determined ZDD eruption ages and lava flow volumes, Late Pleistocene eruptive fluxes are estimated for Mt. Hasan and compared with its long-term flux integrated over the late Quaternary and with fluxes of other volcanic systems in continental subduction and post-collisional settings.
Section snippets
Regional setting
The CAVP (Fig. 1) is a major focus of post-collisional volcanism in Turkey (e.g., Kuşcu and Geneli, 2010). Its most prominent eruptive products are the Cappadocian ignimbrites formed between ca. 10 and ca. 2.5 Ma (Aydar et al., 2012) covering an area of 20000 km2 (Le Pennec et al., 1994) mostly to the northeast of the study area. In the late Quaternary, eruptive activity became concentrated in basaltic or compositionally bimodal volcanic fields (e.g., Di Giuseppe et al., 2018; Schmitt et al.,
Samples
Eight out of 17 Mt. Hasan samples with zircon crystallization dated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in Friedrichs et al. (2020) were selected for (U–Th)/He dating (Table 1). Samples comprise seven andesite lava flows and one prismatically jointed block from a block-and-ash-flow deposit. They were collected over the entire edifice of Mt. Hasan, strategically targeting the stratigraphically youngest units in different sectors around BMH and SMH (Fig. 2).
Zircon U–Th–Pb and (U–Th)/He double-dating
All samples were excavated from
Zircon eruption and crystallization ages
Replicate analyses (n between 8 and 12 for all samples) yielded mostly uniform (U–Th)/He age populations, with only two obvious outliers (Table A.1, Fig. 4A, G). For these outlier crystals, a xenocrystic origin is likely where He remained trapped in gas inclusions (Danišík et al., 2017a; Stockli et al., 2000), or in the zircon crystal lattice when heating during eruption was insufficient to completely degas previously accumulated He (Blondes et al., 2007; Schmitt et al., 2011). For Late
Chronostratigraphy of Mt. Hasan
A refined Late Pleistocene chronostratigraphy is proposed for Mt. Hasan (Table 1) based on internally consistent ZDD results presented in Section 4.1 and Schmitt et al. (2014). The ZDD eruption ages for the southern SMH lava flow previously assigned to the Mesovolcano stage (17-BF-01; Fig. 2; Aydar and Gourgaud, 1998) and one of the morphologically youthful northern SMH lava flows (17-BF-08) define eruptive activity around SMH from >90 to ca. 40 ka (Table 1). Based on these data, at least some
Conclusions
A refined Late Pleistocene chronostratigraphy of the Mt. Hasan stratovolcanic complex is presented based on ZDD eruption ages for a strategically sampled set of Mt. Hasan lavas and pyroclastic deposits. A novel population-based estimate of crystallization age differences between zircon interiors and rims was applied to improve disequilibrium corrections of (U–Th)/He ages. The results confirm that the most recently active eruptive center was located in the BMH summit region, which experienced an
Data availability
SIMS zircon U–Th disequilibrium and U–Pb data related to this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105113, a Data Article in Data in Brief (Friedrichs et al., 2020).
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Bjarne Friedrichs: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Funding acquisition. Gokhan Atıcı: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Martin Danišík: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition. Evren Atakay: Resources. Mehmet Çobankaya: Resources. Janet C. Harvey:
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
We thank Anne Sturm, Adam Frew, Chris May, and Cameron Scadding for help with zircon separation and dissolution as well as ICP-MS measurements, and Elife Akgül for assistance during field work. Comments by Holli Frey and Erik Klemetti are appreciated. This work was supported by DFG (German Research Foundation) grant SCHM2521/3-1, MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey), and a DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) doctoral scholarship to BF. MD was supported by
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