Abstract
This study applied the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and Scott–Knott test to investigate the patterns associated with the variability of daily maximum ozone concentrations registered between 1996 and 2013 at 32 sites in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The dataset was analyzed using the ANOVA three way test, arranged in a factorial design (4 × 2 × 32), with four replicates per treatment, followed by the Scott–Knott test. In the ANOVA and Scott–Knott test, the first factor (a) represented the seasons, the second factor (b) distinguished measurements taken on weekdays and weekends, and the third factor (c) distinguished each of the 32 sites. The ANOVA technique and Scott–Knott test produced significant results, showing a three-way interaction between the factors mentioned. We also identified that maximum ozone concentrations occurred generally during the spring, followed by the summer; also, greater values of ground level ozone were registered on weekends in most sites, especially in those influenced mainly by vehicular emissions. Furthermore, results suggest that vehicular emissions play an important role on triggering the weekend effect on ozone levels.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aenab AM, Singh SK, Lafta AJ (2013) Critical assessment of air pollution by ANOVA test and human health effects. Atmos Environ 71:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.039
Andrade MF, Ynoue RY, Freitas ED, Todesco E, Vara Vela A, Ibarra S, Martins LD, Martins JA, Carvalho VSB (2015) Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil. Front Environ Sci 3:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00009
Andrade MF, Kumar P, Freitas ED, Ynoue RY, Martins J, Martins LD, Nogueira T, Perez-Martinez P, Miranda RM, Albuquerque T, Gonçalvez FLT, Oyama B, Zhang Y (2017) Air quality in the megacity of São Paulo: evolution over the last 30 years and future perspectives. Atmos Environ 159:66–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.051
Brönnimann S, Neu U (1997) Weekend-Weekday differences of near surface ozone concentrations in Switzerland for different meteorological conditions. Atmos Environ 31(8):1127–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(96)00311-1
Carvalho VSBO (2010) Impacto das megacidades sobre a qualidade do ar: os casos das Regiões Metropolitanas de São Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Atmospheric Sciences: Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences of University of São Paulo
Carvalho VSB, Freitas ED, Mazzoli CRR, Andrade MF (2012) Avaliação da influência de condições meteorológicas na ocorrência e manutenção de um episódio prolongado com altas concentrações de ozônio sobre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia (Impress) 27(4):463–474. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-77862012000400009
Carvalho VSB, Freitas ED, Martins LD, Martins JA, Mazzoli CRR, Andrade MF (2015) Air quality status and trends over the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil as a result of emission control policies. Environ Sci Policy 47:68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.11.001
CETESB (2016) Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo—2013. Technical Report. Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
CETESB (2017) Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo—2014. Technical Report. Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
CETESB (200) Estudo do comportamento do ozônio na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Technical Report. Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. http://ar.cetesb.sp.gov.br/publicacoes-relatorios/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018
CONAB (2015) Observatório Agrícola—Acompanhamento da Safra Brasileira—Cana de Açúcar. V. 2—SAFRA 2015/16- N.3—terceiro levantamento. Technical Report. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento. http://www.conab.gov.br/OlalaCMS/uploads/arquivos/15_12_17_09_03_29_boletim_cana_portugues_-_3o_lev_-_15-16.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2017
Elkus B, Wilson KR (1977) Photochemical air pollution: weekend-weekday differences. Atmos Environ 11(6):509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(77)90067-1
Elminir HK (2005) Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Sci Total Environ 350(1–3):225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.01.043
Ferreira DF (2011) Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. Lavras 35(3):1039–1042. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000600001
Govender P, Sivakumar V (2019) Application of k-mean and hierarchical clustering techniques for analysis of air pollution: a review (1980–2019). Atmos Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.09.009
Hu J, Chen J, Ying Q, Zhang H (2016) One-year simulation of ozone and particulate matter in china using WRF/CMAQ modeling system. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 16:10333–10350. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10333-2016
INMET (1992) Normais Climatológicas. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia—Brasília
Katsoulis BD (1996) The relationship between synoptic, mesoscale and microscale meteorological parameters during poor air quality events in Athens, Greece. Sci Total Environ 181(1):13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04953-3
Lu X, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Jacob DJ, Hu Y, Hu L, Gao M, Liu X, Petropavlovskikh I, McClure-Begley A, Querel R (2019) Surface and tropospheric ozone trends in the Southern Hemisphere since 1990: possible linkages to poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation. Sci Bull 64(6):400–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2018.12.021
Mansouri B, Hoshyari E, Mansouri A (2011) Study on ambient concentrations of air quality parameters (O3, SO2, CO and PM10) in different months in Shiraz city, Iran. Int J Environ Sci 1(7):1440–1447. https://doi.org/10.6088/ijessi.00107020005
Martins EM, Nunes ACL, Corrêa S (2015) Understanding ozone concentrations during weekdays and weekends in the urban area of the City of Rio de Janeiro. J Braz Chem Soc 26(10):1967–1975. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150175
Mohamad ND, Ash’aari h, Othman M (2015) Preliminary assessment of air pollutant sources identification at selected monitoring stations in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Proc Environ Sci 30:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.021
Parra R, Franco E (2016) Identifying the ozone weekend effect in the air quality of the northern Andean region of Ecuador. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 207:169–180. https://doi.org/10.2495/air160161
Pont V, Fontan J (2001) Comparison between weekend and weekday ozone concentration in large cities in France. Atmos Environ 35(8):1527–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00308-3
Qin Y, Tonnesen GS, Wang Z (2004) Weekend/weekday differences of ozone. NOx. CO. VOCs. PM10 and the light scatter during ozone season in southern California. Atmos Environ 38(19):3069–3087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.035
Rao ST, Ku J-Y, Bernan S, Zhang K, Mao H (2003) Summertime characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and relationships to ozone levels over the eastern United States. Pure Appl Geophys 160(1–2):21–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-003-8764-9
Reboita MS, Gan MA, Da Rocha RP, Ambrizzi T (2010) Regimes de Precipitação na América do Sul: uma Revisão Bibliográfica. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 25(2):185–204. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-77862010000200004
Scott AJ, Knott MAA (1974) cluster analysis method for grouping means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics 30(3):507–512. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529204
Seinfeld HJ, Pandis NS (1998) Atmospheric chemistry and physics. Wiley, New York
Silva Júnior RS, Oliveira MGL, Andrade MF (2009) Weekend/weekday differences in concentrations of ozone. NOx. and non-methane hydrocarbon in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 24(1):100–110. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-77862009000100010
Storck L, Garcia DC, Lopes SJ, Estefanel V (2011) Experimentação Vegetal, 3rd edn. Editora da UFSM, Santa Maria
WHO (2005) Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: Global Update 2005. Technical Report. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69477/1/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_eng.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2017
Zeri M, Carvalho VSB, Cunha-Zeri G, Oliveira-Júnior JF, Lyra GB, Freitas ED (2016) Assessment of the variability of pollutants concentration over the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, using the wavelet transform. Atmos Sci Lett 17:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.618
Zhao X, Zhou W, Han L (2019) Human activities and urban air pollution in Chinese mega city: an insight of ozone weekend effect in Beijing. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 110:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.11.005
Acknowledgements
The authors thank to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais—FAPEMIG for the undergraduate scholarship held by the third (3rd) author, CETESB for the dataset provided for this study, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, process numbers 133772/2017-9) for granting scholarships to the 3rd author, and to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, finance code 001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carvalho, V.S.B., Martins, F.B., da Silveira, W.W. et al. Variance analysis applied to ground-level ozone concentrations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 37, 505–513 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00045-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00045-7