Sono-adsorption of organic dyes onto CoFe2O4/Graphene oxide nanocomposite
Introduction
In today's industrialized world, the production and application of organic dyes in various industrial activities such as dye manufacturing, tanneries, leather, paper and pulp mills, rubber, and food processing have increased many folds [1]. These industries discharge effluents containing organic dyes into nearby water bodies, which leads to water contamination. These organic dyes are highly carcinogenic that could cause fatal genetic disorders in human beings [2]. Moreover, their presence in water bodies increases the chemical oxygen demand, which threatens the existence of aquatic flora and fauna [3]. Therefore, it is mandatory to pretreat the dye-contaminated wastewater before discharging into the environment.
In the literature, numerous studies have been reported for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater, which has led to the development of different techniques like, adsorption [4], ozonation [5], ultrafiltration [6], oxidation [7], photocatalytic degradation [8,9], adsorption/photocatalytic remediation [10], and ion-exchange [11]. Though the ultrafiltration method could remove charged and neutral dyes, the process is considered unsuitable as the membrane pores are constantly clogged by dye molecules. Methods like oxidation, ozonation, and photocatalytic degradation are known for effective and fast degradation of toxic dyes, but these methods suffer from high operational costs, low pH requirement, oxidant requirement, and/or formation of toxic by-products [12]. Among all these techniques, adsorption is a promising method for the removal of organic dyes due to a moderate cost, high efficiency, and ease of handling. Furthermore, the use of easily recoverable and re-generable adsorbents could lower the overall cost of the process. To remove organic dyes from wastewater, researchers have used adsorption process, where different adsorbents such as biochars [13], metal oxides [14], activated carbon (AC) [15], layered double hydroxides [16] have been utilized. These adsorbents are economical, possess large surface area, and a higher degree of functionalities, which favour the adsorption process. Moreover, incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles like Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, etc. into these adsorbents promotes a faster phase separation (in the presence of external magnetic field) and also provides additional binding sites for the adsorption process [17,18]. Graphene oxide (GO) is known as one of the best adsorbents, which is further supported by a large surface area, high stability, and ease of chemical functionalization [19].
Jiao et al., 2015 studied fast and efficient adsorption of organic dyes over GO/Fe3O4 composite [20]. Banerjee et al., 2017 reported quantitative removal of azo dyes within 6 min using chitosan-GO nanocomposite, where ultrasonication accelerated the adsorption process [21]. The combination of the adsorption and ultrasonication, i.e., sono-adsorption is being explored by researchers in the last few years. The ultrasonication of liquid-solid system accelerates the mass transfer process and makes the process, faster than the conventional adsorption process. Other benefits include degradation of dye molecules by radicals generated in the sonocatalytic process [22] and the creation of newer active sites on the surface of an adsorbent, which enhances the dye removal efficiency.
In this study, we have studied the sono-adsorption of organic dyes onto CoFe2O4 incorporated GO (CoF/GO) nanocomposite. The adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Different parameters, i.e., pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration were optimized. The isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were evaluated. The sono-adsorption mechanism for the adsorption of cationic dyes onto CoF/GO nanocomposite at different pH was proposed. Furthermore, the regeneration and reusability of CoF/GO adsorbent were evaluated to comment on the affordability of the sono-adsorption process.
Section snippets
Chemicals
NaOH solution and GO were procured from TCI Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2•6H2O), Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO3)3•9H2O), Methylene blue (MB), and Methyl violet (MV) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
Synthesis of CoF/GO adsorbent
For the synthesis of CoF/GO adsorbent, precisely Co(NO3)2•6H2O (1.46 g), and Fe(NO3)3•9H2O (4.04 g) were dissolved in 500 mL distilled water and stirred for 10 min at 90
Characterization
The FTIR spectrum of CoF and CoF/GO has been shown in Fig. 1. For CoF, the bands centred at 423 cm‒1 and 578 cm‒1 were assigned to the metal-oxygen vibrations for the metal ions occupied in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively [8]. For CoF/GO, the broad band centred at 3429 cm‒1 corresponded to the O−H bond vibration, which is complemented by the C−OH band at 1158 cm−1 due to the hydroxyl groups of the GO. Two low-intensity peaks at 2930 cm‒1 and 2850 cm‒1 were due to C−H (sp3)
Conclusion
In this study, we have reported the ultrasonication-assisted adsorption of cationic dyes onto CoF/GO nanocomposite. The XRD analysis confirmed the interlayer growth of spinel CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in GO. The pH-dependent adsorption behaviour showed an increased adsorption capacity with an increase in the pH, which suggested the involvement of π-π interactions between dye molecules and CoF/GO at a low pH and electrostatic attraction between cationic dyes and positively charged CoF/GO surface at
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Anjali Gupta: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software. Herlys Viltres: Visualization, Investigation, Data curation. Nishesh Kumar Gupta: Software, Validation, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References (44)
- et al.
Removal of colorants from wastewater: A review on sources and treatment strategies
J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
(2019) - et al.
Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms
Biotechnol. Res. Innov.
(2019) - et al.
Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review
Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2014) - et al.
Catalytic ozonation of dye in a microbubble system: hydroxyl radical contribution and effect of salt
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
(2016) - et al.
Performance of modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane for textile wastewater ultrafiltration
Desalination
(2011) - et al.
Synthesis of coral-like α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for dye degradation at neutral pH
J. Mol. Liq.
(2020) - et al.
Photodegradation of toxic dye using Gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)/Ni(OH)2/FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogel
J. Cleaner Prod
(2019) - et al.
Photoremediation of toxic dye from aqueous environment using monometallic and bimetallic quantum dots based nanocomposites
J. Cleaner Prod
(2018) - et al.
Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: a review
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
(2018) - et al.
Highly efficient adsorption of cationic dye by biochar produced with Korean cabbage waste
Bioresour. Technol.
(2017)
Adsorption of dyes on activated carbon prepared from apricot stones and commercial activated carbon
J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng.
Facile synthesis of MgAl-layered double hydroxide supported metal organic framework nanocomposite for adsorptive removal of methyl orange dye
Colloids Interface Sci. Commun.
Magnetic adsorbents for the treatment of water/wastewater-A review
J. Water Process. Eng.
2D and 3D carbon-based adsorbents for an efficient removal of HgII ions: a review
FlatChem
Ultrasound assisted mixed azo dye adsorption by chitosan–graphene oxide nanocomposite
Chem. Eng. Res. Des.
Enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of organic dyes from aqueous solutions by novel synthesis of mesoporous Fe3O4-graphene/ZnO@SiO2 nanocomposites
Ultrason. Sonochem.
Degradation of norfloxacin by CoFe2O4-GO composite coupled with peroxymonosulfate: A comparative study and mechanistic consideration
Chem. Eng. J.
Recent advances in the use of graphene-family nanoadsorbents for removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater
Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.
Novel adsorbent from agricultural waste (cashew nut shell) for methylene blue dye removal: optimization by response surface methodology
Water Resour. Ind.
Fabrication and characterization of Gum arabic-cl-poly(acrylamide) nanohydrogel for effective adsorption of crystal violet dye
Carbohydr. Polym.
Biosorption-a green method for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REEs) from waste solutions: A review
J. Mol. Liq.
Microscopic, spectroscopic, and experimental approach towards understanding the phosphate adsorption onto Zn–Fe layered double hydroxide
J. Mol. Liq.
Cited by (38)
Magnetic recyclable graphene-based ferrite nanocomposites for environmental remediation
2023, Applications of Nanostructured Ferrites