Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Studies of the Hydrolysis of Aluminum Activated by Additions of Ga–In–Sn Eutectic Alloy, Bismuth, or Antimony

  • Published:
Materials Science Aims and scope

We study the Ga–In–Sn eutectic-catalyzed interaction of aluminum alloys with water resulting in the process of hydrolysis and generation of hydrogen. The aluminum alloys were prepared by melting aluminum with additions of Ga–In–Sn eutectic (5 wt.%), bismuth (3 wt.%), or antimony (3 wt.%). The temperature-dependent kinetics of their hydrolysis in a temperature range 25–70°C is studied by using a volumetric technique. The most efficient activation of the hydrolysis process is achieved for the Al–Ga–In–Sn alloy. The addition of bismuth to the Al–Ga–In–Sn alloy significantly decreases the hydrolysis rate, whereas the addition of antimony has only a weak effect on the process, despite the fact that the standard electrode potentials of bismuth and antimony have close values. The interactions of the studied alloys with water can be well fitted as a topochemical process. The modified Prout–Tompkins equation is used to get the effective hydrolysis-rate constants and it is shown that they increase following the temperature rise within the temperature range from 25 to 70°C. The activation energies of the process of hydrolysis for the studied alloys are calculated from the temperature dependence of the values of effective rate constants, which indicates that, within the main range of hydrogen generation (after the completion of the induction period and prior to the onset of deceleration of hydrogen release), the process of hydrolysis can be described as a diffusion-limited process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. F. Kozin and S. V. Volkov, Contemporary energetics and Ecology; Problems and Prospects [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  2. R. Ramachandran and R. K. Menon, “An overview of industrial uses of hydrogen,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,23, No. 7, 593–598 (1998).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. C.-J. Winter, “Hydrogen energy—Abundant, efficient, clean: A debate over the energy-system-of-change,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,34, No. 14, S1–S52 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  4. B. P. Tarasov and M. V. Lototskyi, “Hydrogen energetics: past, present, and prospects,” Russ. Khim. Zh,50, No. 6, С. 5–18 (2006).

  5. V. A. Goltsov, T. N. Veziroglu, and L. F. Goltsova, “Hydrogen civilization of the future—A new conception of the IAHE,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,31, No. 2, 153–159 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. O. Gröger, H. A. Gasteiger, and J.-P. Suchsland, “Review—Electromobility: Batteries or Fuel Cells?,” J. Electrochem. Soc.,162, No. 14, A2605–A2622 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. O’Hayre, S.-W. Cha, W. Colella, and F. B. Prinz, Fuel Cell Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. Hu, X. Zhao, and J. Liu, “Liquid metal activated aluminum-water reaction for direct hydrogen generation at room temperature,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews,92, 17–37 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. E. Lipman and A. Z. Weber (editors), Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production, Springer, NY (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Lj. Stojić, M. P. Marčeta, S. P. Sovilj, and Šč. S. Miljanić, “Hydrogen generation from water electrolysis—possibilities of energy saving,” J. Power Sources,118, No. 1–2, 315–319 (2003).

  11. M. F. Orhan, I. Dincer, M. A. Rosen, and M. Kanoglu, “Integrated hydrogen production options based on renewable and nuclear energy sources,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews,16, No. 8, 6059–6082 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B. Yildiz and M. S. Kazimi, “Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy technologies,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,31, No. 1, 77–92 (2006).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. D. Kandi, S. Martha, and K. M. Parida, “Quantum dots as enhancer in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: A review,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,42, No. 15, 9467–9481 (2017).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Sharma and M. L. Kolhe, “Review of sustainable solar hydrogen production using photon fuel on artificial leaf,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,42, No. 36, 22704–22712 (2017).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. F. Yilmaz, M. T. Balta, and R. Selbaş, “A review of solar based hydrogen production methods,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews,56, 171–178 (2016).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Ahmad, S. K., Kamarudin L. J. Minggu, and M. Kassim, “Hydrogen from photo-catalytic water splitting process: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews,43, 599–610 (2015).

  17. A. Tanksale, J. N. Beltramini, and G. M. Lu, “A review of catalytic hydrogen production processes from biomass,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews,14, No. 1, 166–182 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. L. Guo, X. M. Li, G. M. Zeng, and Y. Zhou, “Effective hydrogen production using waste sludge and its filtrate,” Energy,35, No. 9, 3557–3562 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. I. L. Varshavskyi, Energy-Accumulating Substances and Their Applications [in Russian], Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  20. R. S. Nazarov, S. D. Kushch, O. V. Kravchenko, É. É. Fokina, and B. P. Tarasov, “Hydrogen-generating materials for the sources of hydrogen of the hydrolysis type,” Alternative Energetics and Ecology, No. 6(86), 26–32 (2010).

  21. L. Soler, J. Macanás, M. Muñoz, and J. Casado, “Aluminum and aluminum alloys as sources of hydrogen for fuel cell applications,” J. Power Sources,169, No. 1, 144–149 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. T. Ziebarth, J. M. Woodall, R. A. Kramer, and G. Choi, “Liquid phase-enabled reaction of Al–Ga and Al–Ga–In–Sn alloys with water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,36, No. 9, 5271–5279 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. V. Parmuzina and O. V. Kravchenko, “Activation of aluminum metal to evolve hydrogen from water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,33, No. 12, 3073–3076 (2008).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. G. N. Ambaryan, M. S. Vlaskin, A. O. Dudoladov, E. A. Meshkov, A. Z. Zhuk, and E. I. Shkolnikov, “Hydrogen generation by oxidation of coarse aluminum in low content alkali aqueous solution under intensive mixing,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,41, No. 39, 17216–17224 (2016).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. V. Rosenband and A. Gany, “Application of activated aluminum powder for generation of hydrogen from water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,35, No. 20, 10898–10904 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. V. Ilyukhina, A. S. Ilyukhin, and E. I. Shkolnikov, “Hydrogen generation from water by means of activated aluminum,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,37, No. 21, 16382–16387 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Babak and M. Korosh, “A novel method for generating hydrogen by hydrolysis of highly activated aluminum nanoparticles in pure water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,34, No. 19, 7934–7938 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  28. M. Korosh and A. Babak, “Enhancement of hydrogen generation in reaction of aluminum with water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,35, No. 11, 5227–5232 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  29. G. Milazzo and S. Caroli, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, NY (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  30. E. I. Shkolnikov, A. Z. Zhuk, and M. S. Vlaskin, “Aluminum as energy carrier: Feasibility analysis and current technologies overview,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,15, No. 9, 4611–4623 (2011).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. O. V. Kravchenko, K. N. Semenenko, B. M. Bulychev, and K. B. Kalmykov, “Activation of aluminum metal and its reaction with water,” J. Alloys Comp.,397, No. 1–2, 5227–5232 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  32. W. Wang, D. M. Chen, and K. Yang, “Investigation on microstructure and hydrogen generation performance of Al-rich alloys,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,35, No. 21, 12011–12019 (2010).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T. He, W. Wang, W. Chen, W. Chen, D. Chen, and K. Yang, “Reactivity of Al-rich alloys with water promoted by liquid Al grain boundary phases,” J. Mat. Sci. Tech.,33, No. 4, 397–403 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  34. C. Ying, L. Bei, W. Huihu, and D. Shijie, “Effects of preparation parameters and alloy elements on the hydrogen generation performance of aluminum alloy – 0°C pure water reaction,” Rare Metal Mater. Eng.,46, No. 9, 2428–2432 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  35. T. T. He, W. Wang, W. Chen, D. M. Chen, and K. Yang, “Influence of In and Sn compositions on the reactivity of Al–Ga–In–Sn alloys with water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,42, No. 9, 5627–5637 (2017).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W. Wang, X. M. Zhao, D. M. Chen, and K. Yang, “Insight into the reactivity of Al–Ga–In–Sn alloy with water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,37, No. 3, 2187–2194 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. W. Wang, W. Chen, X. M. Zhao, D. M. Chen, and K. Yang, “Effect of composition on the reactivity of Al-rich alloys with water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,37, No. 24, 18672–18678 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. C. C. Wang, Y. C. Chou, and C. Y. Yen, “Hydrogen generation from aluminum and aluminum alloys powder,” Proc. Eng.,36, 105–113 (2012).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. H. Z. Wang, D. Y. C. Leung, M. K. H. Leung, and M. Ni, “A review on hydrogen production using aluminum and aluminum alloys,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13, No. 4, 845–853 (2009).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Q. Fan, F. Xu, and L. X. Sun, “Studies on hydrogen generation characteristics of hydrolysis of the ball milling Al-based materials in pure water,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy,32, No. 14, 2809–2815 (2007).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. D. S. Evans and A. Prince, “Thermal analysis of Ga–In–Sn system,” Metal Sci.,12, No. 9, 411–414 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yu. Plevachuk, V. Sklyarchuk, Sv. Eckert, G. Gerbeth, and R. Novakovic, “Thermophysical properties of the liquid Ga–In–Sn eutectic alloy,” J. Chem. Eng. Data,59, No. 3, 757–763 (2014).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. C. Reboul, Ph. Gimenez, and J. J. Rameau, “A proposed activation mechanism for Al anodes,” Corrosion,40, No. 7, 366–371 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. C. B. Breslin and W. M. Carroll, “The electrochemical behavior of aluminum activated by gallium in aqueous electrolytes,” Corr. Sci.,33, No. 11, 1735–1746 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. A. Venugopal and V. S. Raja, “AC impedance study on the activation mechanism of aluminum by indium and zinc in 3.5% NaCl medium,” Corr. Sci.,39, No. 12, 2053–2065 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. F. D. Manilevich, L. Kh. Kozin, B. I. Danil’tsev, A. V. Kutsyi, and Yu. K. Pirskyy, “Regularities of the hydrolysis of aluminum activated with the eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin,” Ukr. Khim. Zh.,83, No. 7, С. 51–59 (2017).

  47. B. Delmont, Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  48. P. Barre, Kinetics of Heterogeneous Processes [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. E. Brown, “The Prout–Tompkins rate equation in solid-state kinetics,” Thermochim. Acta,300, No. 1–2, 93–106 (1997).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The present work was supported by the NATO SPS program (Project G5233 Portable Energy Supply). The authors are grateful to Prof. I. Yu. Zavaliy for his kind help.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine

    F. D. Manilevich, Yu. K. Pirskyy, B. I. Danil’tsev & A. V. Kutsyi

  2. Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway

    V. A. Yartys

Authors
  1. F. D. Manilevich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu. K. Pirskyy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. I. Danil’tsev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. V. Kutsyi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. V. A. Yartys
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. D. Manilevich.

Additional information

Published in Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 69–80, July–August, 2019.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manilevich, F.D., Pirskyy, Y.K., Danil’tsev, B.I. et al. Studies of the Hydrolysis of Aluminum Activated by Additions of Ga–In–Sn Eutectic Alloy, Bismuth, or Antimony. Mater Sci 55, 536–547 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-020-00336-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-020-00336-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation