Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Outcomes and Conclusions from the 2018 AM-Bench Measurements, Challenge Problems, Modeling Submissions, and Conference

  • Thematic Section: Additive Manufacturing Benchmarks 2018
  • Published:
Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Additive Manufacturing Benchmark (AM-Bench) test series was established to provide rigorous measurement test data for validating additive manufacturing (AM) simulations for a broad range of AM technologies and material systems. AM-Bench includes extensive in situ and ex situ measurements, simulation challenges for the AM modeling community, and a corresponding conference series. In 2018, the first round of AM-Bench measurements and the first AM-Bench conference were completed, focusing primarily upon laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing of metals, and both LPBF and material extrusion processing of polymers. In all, 46 blind modeling simulations were submitted by the international AM community in comparison with the in situ and ex situ measurements. Analysis of these submissions provides valuable insight into existing AM modeling capabilities. The AM-Bench data are permanently archived and freely accessible online.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

References

  1. Levine LE (2016) Software architecture, database development, and model validation: toward a computational benchmark in additive manufacturing. In: National academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine 2016. Predictive theoretical and computational approaches for additive manufacturing: proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, pp 86–88. https://doi.org/10.17226/23646

    Google Scholar 

  2. Boulware P (2016) Final technical report to national institute of standards and technology and national center for defense manufacturing and machining—measurement science innovation program for additive manufacturing: an evaluation of in-process sensing techniques through the use of an open architecture laser powder bed fusion platform. No. NIST# 70NANB13H192—20140097. Edison Welding Institute (EWI), Cincinnati

  3. Boulware P (2017) In-process monitoring techniques for laser powder bed fusion. EWI Public Report Edison Welding Institute (EWI), Cincinnati

  4. Lane BM, Mekhontsev S, Grantham S, Vlasea M, Whiting J, Yeung H, Fox J, Zarobila C, Neira J, McGlauflin M, et al. (2016). Design, developments, and results from the NIST additive manufacturing metrology testbed (AMMT). In: Proceedings of the 26th annual international solid freeform fabrication symposium, (Austin, TX), pp 1145–1160

  5. Keller T, Lindwall G, Ghosh S, Ma L, Lane BM, Zhang F, Kattner UR, Lass EA, Heigel JC, Idell Y, Williams ME, Allen AJ, Guyer JE, Levine LE (2017) Application of finite element, phase-field, and CALPHAD-based methods to additive manufacturing of Ni superalloys. Acta Mater 139:244–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lass EA, Stoudt MR, Williams ME, Katz M, Levine LE, Phan TQ, Gnaeupel-Herold T, Ng DS (2017) Formation of the Ni3Nb δ-phase in stress-relieved inconel 625 produced via laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing. Metall Mater Trans A 48:5547–5558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ghosh S, Ma L, Levine LE, Ricker RE, Stoudt MR, Guyer JE (2018) Single-track melt-pool measurements and microstructures in Inconel 625. JOM 70:1011–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang F, Levine LE, Allen AJ, Stoudt MR, Lindwall G, Lass EA, Williams ME, Idell Y, Campbell CE (2018) Effect of heat treatment on the microstructural evolution of a nickel-based superalloy additive-manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. Acta Mater 152:200–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stoudt MR, Lass EA, Ng DS, Williams ME, Zhang F, Campbell CE, Lindwall G, Levine LE (2018) The influence of annealing temperature and time on the formation of δ-phase in additively-manufactured Inconel 625. Metall Mater Trans A 49:3028–3037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lindwall G, Campbell CE, Lass EA, Zhang F, Stoudt MR, Allen AJ, Levine LE (2019) Simulation of TTT curves for additively manufactured Inconel 625. Metall Mater Trans A 50:457–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4959-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lass EA, Stoudt MR, Williams ME (2019) Additively manufactured nitrogen atomized 17-4 PH stainless steel with mechanical properties comparable to wrought. Metall Mater Trans A 50:1619–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05124-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Heigel JC, Lane BM, Levine LE (2019) In situ measurements of melt-pool length and cooling rate during 3D builds of the metal AM-bench artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00170-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Phan TQ, Strantza M, Hill MR, Gnaeupel-Herold TH, Heigel JC, D’Elia CR, DeWald AT, Clausen B, Pagan DC, Ko P, Brown DW, Levine LE (2019) Elastic residual strain and stress measurements and corresponding part deflections of 3D additive manufacturing builds of IN625 AM-bench artifacts using neutron diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and contour method. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8:318–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Stoudt MR, Williams ME, Levine LE, Creuziger AA, Young SA, Heigel JC, Lane BM, Phan TQ (2019) Location-specific microstructure characterization within IN625 additive manufacturing benchmark test artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov (submitted)

  15. Zhang F, Levine LE, Allen A, Young S, Williams ME, Stoudt MR, Moon K-W, Heigel JC, Ilavsky J (2019) Phase fraction and evolution of additively manufactured (AM) 15-5 stainless steel and Inconel 625 AM-bench artifacts. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8:362–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lane BM, Heigel JC, Ricker R, Zhirnov I, Khromschenko V, Weaver J, Phan TQ, Stoudt MR, Mekhontsev S, Levine LE (2019) Measurements of melt pool geometry and cooling rates of individual laser traces on IN625 bare plates. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-020-00169-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ricker R, Heigel JC, Lane BM, Zhirnov I, Levine LE (2019) Topographic measurement of individual laser tracks in alloy 625 bare plates. Integr Mater Manuf Innov. 8:521–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00157-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Richard Fonda and David Rowenhorst, private communication

  19. Bain ED, Garboczi EJ, Seppala JE, Parker TC, Migler KB (2019) AMB2018-04: benchmark physical property measurements for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of polyamide 12. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8:335–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Schoinochoritis B, Chantzis D, Salonitis K (2015) Simulation of metallic powder bed additive manufacturing processes with the finite element method: a critical review. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part B: J Eng Manuf 231:96–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lindgren E, Lundbäck A, Fisk M, Pederson R, Andersson J (2016) Simulation of additive manufacturing using coupled constitutive and microstructure models. Addit Manuf B 12:144–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Parry L, Ashcroft IA, Wildman RD (2016) Understanding the effect of laser scan strategy on residual stress in selective laser melting through thermo-mechanical simulation. Addit Manuf A 12:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  23. Cao J, Gharghouri MA, Nash P (2016) Finite-element analysis and experimental validation of thermal residual stress and distortion in electron beam additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V build plates. J Mater Process Technol 237:409–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Strantza M, Ganeriwala RK, Clausen B, Phan TQ, Levine LE, Pagan D, King WE, Hodge NE, Brown DW (2018) Coupled experimental and computational study of residual stresses of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V components. Mater Lett 231:221–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ganeriwala RK, Strantza M, King WE, Clausen B, Phan TQ, Levine LE, Brown DW, Hodge NE (2019) Evaluation of a thermo-mechanical model for prediction of residual stress during laser powder bed fusion of Ti-6Al-4V. Addit Manuf 27:489–502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yang Y, Allen M, London T, Oancea V (2019) Residual strain predictions for a powder bed fusion Inconel 625 single cantilever part. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8:294–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gan Z, Lian Y, Lin SE, Jones KK, Liu WK, Wagner GJ (2019) Benchmark study of thermal behavior, surface topography and dendritic microstructure in laser melting of Inconel 625. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 8:178–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Debroy T, Wei HL, Zuback JS, Mukherjee T, Elmer JW, Milewski JO, Beese AM, Wilson-Heid A, De A, Zhang W (2017) Additive manufacturing of metallic components—process, structure and properties. Prog Mater Sci 92:112–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2017.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dima A, Bhaskarla S, Becker C, Brady M, Campbell C, Dessauw P, Hanisch R, Kattner U, Kroenlein K, Newrock M, Peskin A, Plante R, Li SY, Rigodiat PF, Amaral GS, Trautt Z, Schmitt X, Warren J, Youssef S (2016) Informatics infrastructure for the materials genome initiative. JOM 68:2053–2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-2000-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. NIST (2018) Configurable data curation system. https://github.com/usnistgov/MDCS

  31. https://schemas.nist.gov/explore/detail_result_keyword?id=5bed9b290bc66b0085b3ea6e

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA

    Lyle Levine, Kalman Migler, Mark Stoudt, Richard Ricker, Fan Zhang, Jonathan Seppala, Edward Garboczi, Andrew Allen & Carelyn Campbell

  2. Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA

    Brandon Lane, Jarred Heigel, Thien Phan & Jason Fox

  3. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    Maria Strantza

  4. University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Michael Hill

  5. Hill Engineering, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA

    Michael Hill

  6. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, MD, 21005, USA

    Erich Bain & Daniel Cole

Authors
  1. Lyle Levine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brandon Lane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jarred Heigel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kalman Migler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mark Stoudt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Thien Phan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Richard Ricker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Maria Strantza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Michael Hill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Fan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jonathan Seppala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Edward Garboczi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Erich Bain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Daniel Cole
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Andrew Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Jason Fox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Carelyn Campbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lyle Levine.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Levine, L., Lane, B., Heigel, J. et al. Outcomes and Conclusions from the 2018 AM-Bench Measurements, Challenge Problems, Modeling Submissions, and Conference. Integr Mater Manuf Innov 9, 1–15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00164-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40192-019-00164-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation