Abstract
Powdered and granulated activated carbons from babassu were submitted to alkaline treatment with 2 mol L–1 NaOH solution, washed with distilled water to pH 8 and dried. The prepared carbons were tested as catalysts in the Claisen–Schmidt reaction between acetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde using methanol as solvent at room temperature for 24 h. Babassu granular carbon (BGC) and basic babassu granular carbon (BBGC) exhibited the highest conversions, of 69.26% and 66.59%, respectively. The kinetic study was carried out with BBGC, which led to values of kinetic constant k of 5.26 L mol–1 h–1 at 35 °C and 7.35 L mol–1 h–1 at 50 °C. The activation energy of the reaction was 18.91 kJ mol–1. This study proposes a second-order pseudo-homogeneous reaction catalyzed by BBGC. A continuous fixed-bed reactor operation was carried out with BBGC catalyst and the best conversion was 60% in 120 min using of 0.05 mol L–1 reactants concentration.
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Abbreviations
- BPC:
-
Babassu powdered carbon
- BBPCWW:
-
Basic babassu powdered carbon without washing
- BBPC:
-
Basic babassu powdered carbon
- BGC:
-
Babassu granular carbon
- BBGC:
-
Basic babassu granular carbon
- UBBPC:
-
Used basic babassu powdered carbon
- UBBGC:
-
Used basic babassu granular carbon
- ASAP:
-
Adsorption and desorption of N2
- TG/DTA:
-
Thermogravimetry and thermo-differential analysis
- FT-IR:
-
Infrared spectroscopy
- SEM/EDS:
-
Screening electron microscopy
- AES:
-
Atomic emission spectroscopy
- AAS:
-
Atomic absorption spectroscopy
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to IQ-UFG, for the technical-scientific support; to CAPES and CNPq, for the financial assistance; to LabMic IF-UFG for SEM/EDS analysis; and to Tobasa Bioindustrial de Babaçu S.A. for the activated carbons gently donated.
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Catharin, C.W., Chaves, A.R., de Souza, P.S. et al. Babassu activated carbon as catalyst for chalcone production by Claisen–Schmidt reaction: kinetic study, mechanism proposal and continuous flow bed reactor. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 37, 415–423 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00034-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-020-00034-w