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“A reference genome assembly and adaptive trait analysis of Castanea mollissima ‘Vanuxem,’ a source of resistance to chestnut blight in restoration breeding”

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Abstract

Forest tree species are increasingly subject to severe mortalities from exotic pests, pathogens, and invasive organisms, accelerated by climate change. Such forest health issues are threatening multiple species and ecosystem sustainability globally. One of the most extreme examples of forest ecosystem disruption is the extirpation of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) caused by the introduction of chestnut blight and root rot pathogens from Asia. Asian species of chestnut are being employed as donors of disease resistance genes to restore native chestnut species in North America and Europe. To aid in the restoration of threatened chestnut species, we present the assembly of a reference genome for Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) “Vanuxem,” one of the donors of disease resistance for American chestnut restoration. From the de novo assembly of the complete genome (725.2 Mb in 14,110 contigs), over half of the sequences have been anchored to the 12 genetic linkage groups. The anchoring is validated by genetic maps and in situ hybridization to chromosomes. We demonstrate the value of the genome as a platform for research and species restoration, including signatures of selection differentiating American chestnut from Chinese chestnut to identify important candidate genes for disease resistance, comparisons of genome organization with other woody species, and a genome-wide examination of progress in backcross breeding for blight resistance. This reference assembly should prove of great value in the understanding, improvement, and restoration of chestnut species.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Forest Health Initiative (https://foresthealthinitiative.org/) through grant # 137RFP#2008-011 to JEC. Support was also provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant 2016-67013-24581 to The American Chestnut Foundation. Additional support was provided through several grants-in-aid to JEC from The American Chestnut Foundation and to JEC and MES through the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Federal Appropriations under Project PEN04532 (Accession number 1000326) and NE-1833, respectively. Construction of saturated genetic maps and root RNAseq dataset was partially supported by the Foundation for the Carolinas. Bioinformatics was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Award #1444573, “Standards and Cyberinfrastructure that Enable ‘Big-Data’ Driven Discovery for Tree Crop Research” (MES; PI Main). Emily Bellis was supported by NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Biology Grant No. 1711950. Rooksana Noorai was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM109094.

We would like to thank Webb Miller, Ronald Sederoff, John Davis, Claude dePamphilis, Joshua Der, and Nicholas Wheeler for their enthusiastic guidance and assistance. We thank Qi Sun, Computational Biology Service Unit, Life Sciences Core Laboratories Center at Cornell University for conducting the initial MDS analysis.

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Author notes

  1. Margaret Staton, Charles Addo-Quaye and Nathaniel Cannon contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Margaret Staton, Matthew Huff & Nathan Henry

  2. Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Charles Addo-Quaye, Nathaniel Cannon, Tetyana Zhebentyayeva, Tyler K. Wagner, Nicole Zembower, Albert G. Abbott & John E. Carlson

  3. Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, 83501, USA

    Charles Addo-Quaye

  4. Department of Biology, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, 84322, USA

    Nathaniel Cannon

  5. Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA

    Jiali Yu

  6. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, College Station, TX, 77843-2474, USA

    Nurul Islam-Faridi

  7. Dept. of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Nurul Islam-Faridi

  8. Forest Health Research and Education Center, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA

    Shenghua Fan, Laura L. Georgi, C. Dana Nelson & Albert G. Abbott

  9. The American Chestnut Foundation, Meadowview, VA, 24361, USA

    Laura L. Georgi, Sara Fitzsimmons & Frederick V. Hebard

  10. Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Saucier, MS, 39574, USA

    C. Dana Nelson

  11. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Emily Bellis & Jesse Lasky

  12. Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Daniela Drautz-Moses & Stephan C. Schuster

  13. Clemson University Genomics & Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    Rooksana E. Noorai

  14. Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Stephen Ficklin

  15. Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA

    Christopher Saski

  16. Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Mihir Mandal & Jason Holliday

  17. Department of Biology, Claflin University, Orangeburg, SC, 29414, USA

    Mihir Mandal

  18. UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 69 route d’Arcachon, 33612, CESTAS Cedex, France

    Catherine Bodénès

  19. The American Chestnut Foundation, Asheville, NC, 28804, USA

    Jared Westbrook

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  1. Margaret Staton
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Contributions

Margaret Staton contributed to bioinformatics, data analysis, and website development activities, including gene functional and structural annotation and comparative genomics, as well as being a major contributor to project design, obtaining grant support, and writing the manuscript; Charles Addo-Quaye conducted the sequence data QC and did all of the initial de novo sequence assemblies with Illumina and 454 sequence data and post-assembly analyses resulting in version 1.1 released to the public in January 2014; Nathaniel Cannon planned and conducted the hybrid de novo genome assemblies, conducted manual contig gap filling and merging, conducted the initial contig anchoring and whole-genome analyses, and participated in preparation of the manuscript; Jiali Yu assisted in anchoring scaffolds to chromosome positions, comparative genomics, and RNA sequence mapping and assembly and in manuscript writing; Tetyana Zhebentyayeva analyzed physical map contigs, selected BACs for FISH, constructed six saturated genetic maps for genome assembly, delineated QTL intervals for resistance to P. cinnamomi, participated in Tajima’s D and nucleotide diversity analyses, identified candidate genes, and contributed to writing; Matthew Huff contributed to the gene functional analysis and structural annotation and comparative genomics; Nurul Islam-Faridi conducted all in situ hybridization experiments and analysis; Shenghua Fan provided reference genetic map for genome assembly and QTL interval analysis for blight resistance in linkage group B for the coevolution study; Laura L. Georgi provided plant materials and phenotypic data, conducted crosses and inoculations, and was a PI on the USDA grant; C. Dana Nelson performed contig anchoring to the genetic maps, supervised the chestnut genetic linkage mapping and QTL analyses, and assisted in writing the manuscript; Emily Bellis produced and analyzed Tajima’s D data; Nathan Henry provided bioinformatics support, assisted in the website development and curation, and conducted the data analyses for figures and tables in the manuscript; Daniela I Drautz-Moses conducted the DNA and RNA sequencing and advised on sample collection and sequence analysis; Rooksana Noorai assembled and annotated the chestnut root transcriptome, leading to candidate gene identification; Stephen Ficklin provided data and analyses for the integrated genetic-physical map, BAC-end sequences, which led to the initial genome assemblies, as well as assisting in initial web portal development; Christopher Saski led BAC library construction, provided BAC-end sequence data, and provided oversight of and insights from the integrated genetic-physical map construction; Mihir Mandal prepared multi-tissue RNAs from Chinese chestnut seedlings, constructed cDNA libraries for sequencing, and assisted in RNA sequence data analyses; Tyler K Wagner and Nicole Zembower provided technical support in the lab and field throughout the project; Catherine Bodénès performed genetic linkage mapping and QTL analyses for bud burst on Quercus; Jason Holliday provided project design and RNA sequencing resources; Jared Westbrook led the USDA project supporting the hybrid de novo assembly and gap filling, as well as providing input on current TACF breeding and chestnut restoration efforts; Jesse Lasky helped plan analyses and contributed to interpreting results and writing the paper; Frederick Hebard led the TACF backcross breeding program, provided plant materials and phenotypic data, conducted crosses and inoculations, and was PI on the USDA grant; Stephan Schuster contributed to planning the sequencing and assembly approach, supervised the DNA and RNA sequencing, and assisted in proposal writing; Albert G Abbott advised on genetic mapping, participated in Tajima’s D analyses, organized the writing team, and made major contributions to manuscript preparation; John E Carlson obtained funding, provided overall project design and leadership, contributed to data analyses, and helped to prepare the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John E. Carlson.

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Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Data archiving statement

The chestnut genome versions 1.1, 3.2, and 4.2 are available at https://hardwoodgenomics.org. The website contains links to download the contigs, the anchored contig locations, and predicted genes, transcripts, and proteins and associated functional annotations. A J-Browse implementation for the whole genome is located at the URL https://hardwoodgenomics.org/tools/jbrowse/?data=chinese_chestnut. The raw and assembled sequences are also available at the NCBI BioProject No. PRJNA46687.

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Communicated by M. Troggio

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Staton, M., Addo-Quaye, C., Cannon, N. et al. “A reference genome assembly and adaptive trait analysis of Castanea mollissima ‘Vanuxem,’ a source of resistance to chestnut blight in restoration breeding”. Tree Genetics & Genomes 16, 57 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01454-y

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